Behavior Prespective

BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE

GROUP MEMBERS

• Syed Anas Abdali

• Hussain

• Hasnain Khan

• Ali Mirza

• Ayesha Afzal

• Areeba Shafiq

• Asad Fahim

DEFINITION

• The psychological viewpoint, descended from

behaviorism, that stresses the importance of

studying the effects of learning and environmental

factors on overt behavior.

CONTINUED..

• Behavioral psychology maintains that behavior is

both conditioned and determined by its own

outcomes or consequences (rewards and

punishments).

• Human behavior can be understood by

investigating animal behavior.

• Only the observable and measurable aspects of a

behavior are worth investigating.

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

• Classical Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning

• Behavior shaping

• Observational Learning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Definition:

A process of behavior modification by which a subject

comes to respond in desired manner to a previously

neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly

presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that

elicits the desired response.

ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:

• Conditioned Stimulus

• Conditioned Response.

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

• Conditioned response an automatic response

established by training to an ordinarily neutral

stimulus.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING BY KENDRA CHERRY

• Classical conditioning was discovered, rather

accidentally, by Ivan Pavlov. As mentioned before,

Pavlov was studying the digestive processes in dogs.

He inserted a tube into a dog's mouth in order to

measure the amount of saliva the dog produced,

using food to stimulate the flow of saliva. After visiting

the lab several times for this procedure, Pavlov

noticed something very interesting. The dog actually

began to salivate before the food was in his mouth.

Operant Conditioning

By B. F. Skinner

B.A In English Literature Writer

Rewarded behavior is likely to

recur!!!-Edward L. Thorndike

Skinner’s Starting Point.

Entered In The “Psychology Graduate Program

at Harvard University.”

WHO WAS B. F. SKINNER

BF Skinner coined the term operant conditioning;

It means Roughly Changing Of Behavior by the use

of Reinforcement or Punishment which is given after

the Desired or Undesired Response.

WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?

“Phrase applied by B.F Skinner to a process in which

behavioral change (and presumably learning) occurs due to

reinforcing (rewarding) certain desired behavior and

withholding rewards or punishing undesired behavior.

Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental

conditioning”.

WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?

BEHAVIOR SHAPING

Definition:

• Behavior shaping is a treatment approach,

based on the principles of operant conditioning,

that replaces undesirable behaviors with more

desirable ones through positive or negative

reinforcement.

• It is the any process derived from learning

theory where the goal is to change a person's

behavior or the way he or she interacts with the

world. Definition.

TWO MAIN CONCEPTS

• It is based on: Classical and Operant Conditioning

• Classical conditioning refers to the pairing of naturally

occurring stimulus-response chains with other stimuli in

order to produce a similar response.

• Operant conditioning started as an experiment in learning

and developed into the Law of Effect and our knowledge of

reinforcement, punishment, and extinction Two main

concepts

METHODS

• 4 ways in which to shape behavior

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative reinforcement

• Punishment

• Extinction

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

• If a behavior meets with favorable consequences, it

is strengthened and is likely to be repeated.

• Positive reinforcement results from the application

of a positive consequence following a desirable

behavior.

• The operation of presenting a positive reinforce

contingent upon a response is called positive

reinforcement Positive reinforcement

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

• A behavior responsible for the removal of something

undesirable is repeated when that desirable state is

encountered again.

• Negative reinforcement results from with holding

threatened negative consequences when a desirable

behavior occur.

• The operation of removing an aversive stimulus

contingent upon a response is called negative

reinforcement Negative reinforcement.

PUNISHMENT

• Used to decrease the undesired behavior.

• Punishment is causing an unpleasant condition in an

attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior. It may be

used in 2 ways:

1) Punish a person is through the application of a

negative consequences.

2) punish a person is through the withholding or

withdrawal of a positive consequence punishment

EXTINCTION

• Extinction is eliminating any reinforcement that

maintaining a behavior.

• When behavior is not reinforced, it tends to be

gradually extinguished.

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• Is a type of learning that occurs as a function of

observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior

executed by others.

• Occurs when an observers behavior changes after

viewing the behavior of a model.

• Also known as vicarious learning, social learning or

modeling.

THE COMPONENT PROCESSES UNDERLYING

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

ATTENTION

• This process is influence by characteristics of the

model, such as how much one likes or identifies

with the model , and by characteristics of the

observer.

RETENTION

• This process depends on the observer’s ability to

code or structure the information in an easily

remembered or to mentally and physically rehearse

the model’s actions.

PRODUCTION

• Observers must be physically and intellectually

capable of producing the act.

MOTIVATION

• In general, observers will perform the act only if

they have some motivation or reason to do so.

THANK YOU