Beginnings of European History
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Beginnings of European History
ROMAN EMPIRE
• Octavian became Augustus (“revered one”), first Roman emperor
Caesar Augustus
• strong government• unifying law code
that could be updated and interpreted
• good trade and transportation (roads for army)• could become citizen
by enlisting in the army
Strengths of Empire
• a few rich people and many poor people• slaves were
unnecessary due to cheap labor, but showed status
• boys were taught in schools• Roman emperor was
the head of the religion• gladiators were
entertainment
Roman Society
• Aqueducts• Galen’s medical
knowledge• Ptolemy’s theory of
astronomy (geocentric)
Technologies
CHRISTIANITY
Christianity• A religion whose followers believe Jesus Christ to be the Savior of
the world.
Spread of Christianity
Spread of Christianity
Constantine• The first Roman Emperor to
become Christian.• Issued the Edict of Milan in 313• Founded a new capital at
Constantinople
Doctrine of Petrine Succession• Early Christian doctrine that the apostle Peter was the
appointed successor of the Christian church• Used to justify Papal power (the power of the Pope)• Avoided caesaropapism- when a leader is the head of state
and the head of the church
Spread of Christianity
Great Schism (1054)• Split between East and West• West= Roman Catholic
East= Eastern Orthodox
Spread of Christianity
FALL OF ROME
• Roman emperor that split the empire into east and west• drove out barbarians• tried to impose wage
and price controls
Diocletian
• money loses its value while prices continue to rise• countries unstable
because their international standing decreases (they can get less stuff)
Inflation
• Germanic invaders (called barbarians)• lack of expansion
(no additional flow of money)• political and military
weakness• social change
(apathy toward the government)
Decline of Rome
Byzantine Empire• Became the richest part of the old Roman Empire• Trade limited to the Arabic World (Middle East and North
Africa)• Cut off ties with the west • Famous emperor: Justinian I• Greek in culture and language
ISLAM
Islam• A religion whose followers adhere to the teachings of the prophet
Mohammed.• Mohammed was visited by an angel (Gabriel) who restored the
teachings of God to Earth.• Born in Mecca, he was driven out because of his teachings.• Later, he was invited back.• Translated into heaven in Jerusalem
Five Pillars of Islam• The Creed (faith in
Allah)• Pray five times a day• Fast during the
month of Ramadan• Almsgiving• Pilgrimage to Mecca
Islamic Division• After Mohammed
died, there was controversy over who should take his place.• Those who favor his
son-in-law Ali= Shia• Those who favor
election= Sunnite
Spread of Islam• Spread rapidly
throughout the Middle East and North Africa.• Invaded Spain
• Moors at Tours 732
Middle Ages
• Governments became more local• “mini Ice-Age” caused a decline in food production• People were not as healthy
• Some learning was lost
What was Europe like?
• A time between the Classical Period (Greece and Rome) and the Modern World (RenaissanceNow)
Middle Ages
• Franks came in contact with the Roman Empire in the 200s• 481- Clovis became king of a Frankish tribe• He conquered other tribes in northern Gaul• Converted to Christianity• Controlled southwestern Gaul• Started the Merovingian kings
Rise of the Frankish Empire
Charlemagne• Son of Pepin III• Rule 768-814• Defeated many in war:• Lombards (Italy)• Saxons (northern Germany)• Avars (central Europe)• Spain in the Pyrenees
• 800- crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III
Carolingian Renaissance• Emphasis on reading,
writing, and education• Developed schools
based on the Roman model• Alcuin of York taught
Charlemagne’s children
• Written Bible• Caroline miniscule
• Bishops told to create libraries
Charlemagne’s Reforms• Split up his empire
into areas controlled by counts• Missi Dominici “the
Lord’s messengers”• Ensured support of
Charlemagne• Heard complaints• Determined
effectiveness of laws
Decline of the Frankish Empire• Charlemagne gave his
empire to his son, Louis the Pious
• 840- Louis divided the empire among his sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German
• 843- Treaty of Verdun• Split up Charlemagne’s
empire
• 870- Middle Kingdom split between the remaining two kingdoms
• Empire weakened by invasion• Muslims• Slavs• Magyars
Vikings• 800-900 AD-
fearsome invaders• From Scandinavia• Worshipped pagan
gods• Raid and loot towns
for slaves to work their farms• Good at warfare and
siege techniques
Magyars• Hungarian tribes• 7 tribes came together • Pope sent a crown to St. Stephen to crown him as their king• Thereafter, Hungarians came under the realm of Latin
Christiandom
FEUDALISM
• A powerful noble had lots of land, more than he could use• He granted this land (called a fief) to a lesser noble to use• This created a contract between the two• The lesser noble promised loyalty while the powerful noble
promised protection• Land was inherited from father to eldest son (primogeniture)• Women could have land in their dowry, but it became their
husband’s land when they got married
How it worked
• Lord= grants land/expects loyalty• Vassal= accepts land/protection• Knights= trained soldiers that work for vassals (nobility)• Peasants (Serfs)= people who live on the land and farm the
land
The people
Manors • Self-sufficient villages where peasants worked the land for a noble• Noble kept 1/3 of the
land for private use (domain)• Peasants had other
2/3 to work for their sustenance• Peasants also had to
work on the noble’s land to pay for use of their land
Nobles• Did not live in luxury• Often lived in a keep
or a castle (later on)• Castles had thick
walls for defense and small windows without glass
• Marriage was a way to advance one’s fortunes• Men depended on
their wife and children for help
Peasants• Worked the land• Did not get vacations
or holidays• Could not hunt on
the Lord’s land• Peasants had a poor
diet (rarely ate meat)• Victims of warfare
CHURCH
Hierarchy
• Some people wanted to escape from the world and devote their life to God
• Initially, monks and nuns lived alone and apart from the world• Eventually they built monasteries (for monks) and convents
(for nuns)• Monasticism was the way of life in monasteries and convents
Monasticism
• Saint Benedict- became a hermit• Well-known for his holiness• Established a monastery at Monte Cassino in central Italy• The standards he set for monks was known as Benedictine Rule
and was later adopted by other monasteries and convents• Saint Patrick• Brought Christianity to Ireland in 432
• Saint Augustine• Led a group of monks to England• Archbishop of Canterbury (center of Christian church in England)
Saints
• Canon law- Church’s law code• Interdict- form of punishment where all churches in a region
were closed and sacraments forbidden• Heretics- those who opposed the church• Threat to the church, heretics punished severely
• Tithe- One tenth of a person’s income to be paid to the Church
Church and Politics
• Encouraged equality and dignity for all• Divorce was never allowed • Took care of poor and needy• Sometimes even established hospitals
Society and Economics
• Church gained great wealth and influence• Simony- people could buy church offices• Inquisition- search for heretics• Especially popular in Spain• Often involved torture of accused heretics
Problems
ENGLISH MONARCHY
• 1066- Duke William of Normandy claimed the English throne after Edward’s death
• He crossed the English Channel and defeated a rival for the throne at the battle of Hastings
• Resulted in the mixing of French and Anglo-Saxon culture• William rule from 1066-1087
Norman Conquest
• William brought feudalism to England and had the nobles swear loyalty to him
• He also stopped the nobility from uniting by scattering their fiefs throughout England
• 1100-1135- Henry I, sent traveling judges throughout England• 1154-1189- Henry II, allowed nobles to pay a fee instead of
serving in the army, also advocated trial by jury• He married Eleanor of Aquitaine which gave him feudal lands in
France
After the Conquest
• Son of Henry II• Wanted English nobles to
pay more taxes to support wars in France
• Nobles banded together to oppose this
• Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta
King John
• Latin for “Great Charter”• Protected the liberties of the nobles• Established rights for ordinary people• King John could not raise taxes without consent of the Great
Council• It made sure that the king obeyed the law like everyone else.
Magna Carta
• 1260s- revolt against Henry III threatened the monarchy• 1265- Simon de Montfort combined the nobles and the middle
class against the king• This combination led to the English Parliament• House of Lords- nobles and clergy• House of Commons- knights and burgesses
Parliament
• 1272-1307- Edward I ruled England• Common law is based on precedence, how similar situations
were handled in the past• Divided the courts into three parts:• Court of Common Pleas- ordinary citizens• Court of the Exchequer- financial accounts and tax cases• Court of the King’s Bench- king or government
Common Law
FRENCH MONARCHY
• 987- Carolingian kings died out• 987- Nobles chose Hugh Capet to be king• Started the Capetian line that ruled for 300 years• Capetians wanted more land, especially land owned by the
English in France• 1180-1223- Philip II took large land holdings away from the
English• 1285-1314- Philip IV (“the Fair”) started taxing the clergy
Capetian Kings
• Despite centralizing measures, still very feudal in France• Nobles had most of the power• King was stronger than clergy in France• Dispute with Boniface the VII
• Estates General- representative body made of the three major social classes in France (peasants, clergy, nobility)
Central Government
• 1328- Charles IV (last Capetain) died, Valois came to power
After the Capetains
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
What does it look like?
• 814- Italy fell into disorder after Charlemagne’s death• 900- Italy was held by the Byzantine Empire, the Church, and
Arab Muslims• 936- German lords elect Otto I as king• 951- He attacked northern Italy• 962-He became the new “Holy Roman Emperor”
• 1054-1056- Henry III, height of imperial power• 1056- Henry IV came to power
Rulers
CONFLICTS WITH THE CHURCH
• Henry IV clashed with Pope Gregory VII• Lay investiture- nobles appointed bishops• Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV and told the nobles to
elect another emperor• 1077- Henry pleaded for the pope’s mercy• 1122- Concordat of Worms solved the controversy of lay
investiture• Only the pope could appoint bishops• Emperor could give bishops fiefs
Henry IV
CRUSADES
• 1000s- Seljug Turks took control of Palestine• Turks threatened Constantinople and the king asked the pope
for help• 1095- Pope Urban II called a meeting and urged European
nobles to send knights to regain the Holy Land• People went because:• Promise of salvation• Hope to gain land or wealth• Opportunities for trade
Why?
• 1096-1099- French and Italian lords sent several armies to the Holy Land
• Captured Antioch and eventually Jerusalem• The Crusaders slaughtered Jerusalem’s Muslim and Jewish
inhabitants
First Crusade
• Second Crusade- 1147-1149- Turks had taken back some cities gained in the First Crusade• Turks held, Crusaders lost
• Third Crusade- Saladin (Turk) gained control of Jerusalem• 1189-1192- Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and
King Richard I of England went to capture the Holy Land• King Richard I secured a truce with Saladin that allowed Christians
to enter Jerusalem freely
Other Major Crusades
• 1212- young people from across Europe decided to march to the Holy Land
• By the time they reached the Mediterranean coast, they were disorganized and hungry
• Several thousand boarded ships in France that sold them into slavery
Children’s Crusade
• New weapons and warfare• The crossbow• Catapults
• Political change• Some lords sold land to go on the
Crusades• Fewer lords=more power with fewer
people• Better trade with the Middle East and
beyond
Results
TOWNS
• Established through a Town Charter- a document indicating the rights of townspeople
• Rights (called corporate liberties) included:• Freedom• A year and a day rule
• Exemption• Townspeople did not have to work on the manor
• Town justice• Towns had their own courts
• Commercial privileges• Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market
Rights of Townspeople
• A group of people with the same occupation that had the sole right to trade in a given area (monopoly)
• Protected against competition from outsiders• Took care of members of the guild and their families
• Craft guilds set standards for wages, hours, and working conditions
• Controlled training of workers
Guilds
• Serfs ran away to towns to improve their lives• some also went to find work after being forced to leave the
manor• Towns were in easily defensible places
• Towns were not very clean• Diseases spread rapidly
Life and Death
• Mainly for nobles and clergy• Schools were monasteries and churches• Universitas- “association of people”, basically a guild for
education• University of Paris- theology• University at Oxford- theology• University of Bologna- civil law and church law• University of Salerno- medicine
Education
• Mainly church architecture• 1000-1150= Romanesque• Heavy, domed roofs• Few windows• Little light
• 1100-1300= Gothic• Tall spires• Flying buttresses• High, thin walls• Lots of light• Stained-glass windows
Architecture
Romanesque
Gothic
BLACK DEATH
• A.k.a. “Bubonic Plague” or the “Black Plague”
• 1347- plague came from Asia and spread along trade routes• Black rats on ships carried the disease• Fleas bit rats and then bit humans
• High mortality rate• About 25 million people died between 1347-1351• 1/3 the population of Europe
Black Death
• People lost faith in God• Church lost power and importance• Workers became more valuable and asked for higher wages• Peasant uprisings• Change in relations between the upper and lower class
Results of the Black Death
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
• English king Edward III held lands in France• He was a vassal of the French king
• 1328- French Capetian king died• Edward III claimed the throne• French elected Philip VI to be king• War broke out
Why?
• Battle of Agincourt (1415)• English used the longbow to cut
down French knights• Orleans• Siege led by Joan of Arc
• Weapons• Cannons• Gunpowder• Longbows
Battles and Weapons
• A peasant girl that helped France unite to defeat the English• French royal family was at war• House of Burgundy sided with the British• House of Orleans tried to unite France
• Joan of Arc helped secure the throne for Charles VII of Orleans• After her capture and trial, she was burned at the stake for
unwomanly conduct
Joan of Arc
• French won the war, but France was deeply hurt• Kings in France and England gained more power over nobles• English kings had power limited further by the law
Results
• 1455- a war between the English houses of Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose)
• 1485- Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster defeated King Richard III of York
• He became Henry VII
War of the Roses
DECLINE OF CHURCH’S POWER
• Philip IV of France tried to tax the clergy• Pope Boniface VIII decreed this illegal• Philip IV had the pope arrested.
• After Boniface died, Philip IV had a French pope elected• 1309- Clement V moved church headquarters to Avignon,
France• 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome
Babylonian Captivity
• 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome• 1378- cardinals elected an Italian pope and then later a French
pope• Italian pope stayed in Rome• French pope moved to Avignon
• Council of Constance 1414-1417- ended the Great Schism• Elected a new Italian pope• Removed French and Italian popes• A third pope resigned
Great Schism
• John Wycliffe- 1300s• Authority of Bible should be greater than the authority of popes• Individuals should be able to read and interpret scripture• English translation of Bible
• Jan Hus• Czech religious reformer• Attacked the practices of worldly church clergy• Believed people should have a direct relationship with their God
Reformers
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