Battery-Based Energy Storage Systems for Stationary Applications Hans Desilvestro Hanmer Springs November 2004.
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enerSTORE Consulting
Battery-Based
Energy Storage Systems
for Stationary Applications
Hans Desilvestro
Hanmer Springs
November 2004
enerSTORE Consulting
Outline• Battery ESS selection criteria• The raw materials issue• The LiOX battery
Safe Li-ion type battery based on oxide active materials
• Cost comparison of commercially available and emerging energy storage systems (ESS)
• Summary
enerSTORE ConsultingCourtesy Dr Paul Rüetschi
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Battery ESS selection criteria
• Specific Energy (Wh/kg) - to +
• Energy Density (Wh/L) +/- to +
• Power performance (W/kg, W/L) -
• Cycle life and calendar life +
• $/year ++
• Safety ++
• Maintenance-free $-issue
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Economic and safety considerations more important
than other performance parameters
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Factors influencing raw material costs• Natural abundance / mineable sources• Mining / refining costs• Demand in key markets
Commodity vs speciality markets • Relative importance of battery market
in relation to key markets • Common ore origin
e.g. Fe-Ni-Co or Zn-Cd• Ease of recycling
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Estimated Resources
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
Mn Zn Ti Pb Ni V Li Co Cd
Ton
nes
5,0
00
,00
0,0
00
t
4,6
00
,00
0,0
00
t
13
,00
0,0
00
t
1,8
00
,00
0 t
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Availability at present mine production
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Mn Zn Ti Pb Ni V Li Co Cd
Yea
rs
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% of present mine production required for 1 GWh
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mn Zn Ti Pb Ni V Li Co Cd
Yea
rs
%
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"Low cost" base metals used in batteries (<3,000$/t)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Sep
-99
Dec
-99
Mar
-00
Jun
-00
Sep
-00
Dec
-00
Mar
-01
Jun
-01
Sep
-01
Dec
-01
Mar
-02
Jun
-02
Sep
-02
Dec
-02
Mar
-03
Jun
-03
Sep
-03
Dec
-03
Mar
-04
Jun
-04
Sep
-04
$/to
nn
e
Cu, LME Al, LME Mn metal, electrolytic Mn(Ferromanganese)Zn, LME Pb, LME
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"High cost" base metals used in batteries (>3,000$/t)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Sep
-99
Dec
-99
Mar
-00
Jun
-00
Sep
-00
Dec
-00
Mar
-01
Jun
-01
Sep
-01
Dec
-01
Mar
-02
Jun
-02
Sep
-02
Dec
-02
Mar
-03
Jun
-03
Sep
-03
Dec
-03
Mar
-04
Jun
-04
Sep
-04
$/to
nn
e
Li (Li2CO3) V (Ferrovanadium) V (V2O5) Ni, LME Ti (Ferrotitanium T(TiO2)
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Are Li-ion batteries safe ?• Ask IATA: Li-ion battery size for carry-on
items limited to 100 Wh• Even small portable Li-ion batteries
encounter safety problems quite frequentlyOverheating, fire, explosions, product recalls
• Limiting maximum thickness or diameter to max. ~16 mm
• Li-ion batteries can only be operated in a relatively safe way by- electronic single cell control- safety elements such as burst disks, PTC,...
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Reasons for relatively poor safety characteristics of standard Li-ion batteries• Overall cell reaction:
3C + LiCoO2
0.5C6Li + Li0.5CoO2
Charge to 4.2V
Discharge to ~3V
Thermodynamically unstable O2 + LiCo-oxides + heat
Very close to Li plating potential Thermodynamically unstable towards solvents employed
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Reasons for relatively poor safety characteristics of standard Li-ion batteries
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1 2 3
BR
P [
106 k
J/m
3]
Li-ion
Li-SO2 Gun powder
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Pacific Lithium saw market opportunities for a safe
Li-ion type batteryLiOX
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LiOX, a safe Li-ion battery
• Overall cell reaction:
Li3Ti5O12 + 4LiMn2O4
Charge to 2.7V
Discharge to 2.2V
Thermodynamically much more stable than Li0.5CoO2
No risk of Li plating Thermodynamically stable towards solvents employed
Li7Ti5O12 + 4Mn2O4
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Cycle Number
1
A D
isch
arg
e C
apac
ity
(Ah
)
Cycle Life of 5-cell batteries at 22, 45 oC, 55 oC.
1C charge and discharge (100%)
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Direct metal cost for electrochemical energy storage systems
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sep
-99
De
c-99
Mar
-00
Jun
-00
Sep
-00
De
c-00
Mar
-01
Jun
-01
Sep
-01
De
c-01
Mar
-02
Jun
-02
Sep
-02
De
c-02
Mar
-03
Jun
-03
Sep
-03
De
c-03
Mar
-04
Jun
-04
Sep
-04
$/kW
h
LiOX Lead-acid Ni-H2, 0.07 mg/cm2 Pt *) Ni-H2, 0.14 mg/cm2 Pt **) Vanadium Redox
*) 100-times less than in aerospace batteries**) 50-times less than in aerospace batteries
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Conclusions
Battery technology Lead-acid Ni-Cd Ni-H2 VRedox LiOX Zn-Br2
Cycle Life - ++ +++ +++ +++ +
Resources +/- -- +/- - ++ +++
Price stability "metals" - - - -- ++ +
Battery affordability ++ 50-100$/kWh
- -- +/- +/- 350-450$/kWh
+
Environmental compatibility - - +/- - +/- +/-
Safety +/- + +/- + + -
Overall + --- -- - +/- +/-
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