'Barbarous radiates' : imitations of third-century Roman coins / by Philip V. Hill
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NUMISMATIC NOTES
AND
MONOGRAPHS
No.
I
I
2
BARBAROUS
RADIATES
Imitations
of
Third-Century
Roman
Coins
BY
PHILIP
V. HILL
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
BROADWAY
AT
I5ÖTH
STREET,
NEW YORK
I949
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THE AMERICAN
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NUMISMATIC NOTES AND
MONOGRAPHS
Slumber
112
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NUMISMATIC
NOTES
AND
MONOGRAPHS
is
devoted
to
essays
and
treatises on
subjects
relat-
ing
to
coins,
paper money,
medals
and decorations.
PUBLICATION
COMMITTEE
Herbert E. Ives, Chairman
Alfred
R. Bellinger
Agnes
Baldwin Brett
Thomas
O.
Mabbott
Sawyer
McA.
Mosser,
Editor
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COPYRIGHT,
949,
BY THE
AMERICANUMISMATIC
OCIETY
THEMERRYMOUNTRESS BOSTONU. S. A.
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"Barbarous Radiates
"
Imitations
of
Third-Century
Roman Coins
BY PHILIP V. HILL
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
BROADWAY
T
I5ÖTH
STREET
NEW YORK
I949
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
vii
General Characteristics
i
Classification
of Barbarous Radiates
8
Hoard
Evidence
for
Dating
Barbarous
Copies
13
Map
of Hoards and Site-finds
n
Britain
22
Appendix
A
: British Hoards
25
Appendix
B: British
Site-finds
32
Appendix
C:
Foreign
Hoards
36
List of Abbreviations Used
in
Appendices
39
Key to the Plates 41
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ISH
The
ously
O
British
in
ULD
the
reparation
like
Museum
to
hank
, London,
of
all
this
those
monograph:
for
who
his
have
kindness
The
co-operated
Keeper
in
permitting
of
so
gener-
Coins,
so
ously
n the
reparation
f
this
monograph:
he
Keeper of
Coins,
The BritishMuseum
London,
or
his kindness n
permitting
o
many
asts obe made
or
the
lates
and
forpermission
o llustrate he
thrymsa
rom
Warminster Mr. B. E.
Lynch
of
he
Map
Room
The
British Museum
for
assistance n
preparing
the
map;
Miss G. V.
Barnard The Castle Museum Norwich for permission o illustrate
two coins
rom
the
Redenhall
hoard;
Mrs.
Audrey
Williams
The
Verulamium
Museum St. Albans
(7
coins
rom
V
erulamium
nd
one
from Canterbury);
Mr. W. Bulmer
of
Stocksfield-on-Tyne
9
coins
rom
Corstopitum);
r. H. St.
George
Gray
The Castle Mu-
seum,
Taunton
(a
coin
from
the
Worlebury
Camp
hoard
;
Mr.
M. R.
Hull,
The Castle
Museum,
Colchester
6
coins
romColchester);
and Dr. C. H. V.
Sutherland,
The Ashmolean
Museum
Oxford
(the mitation f Magnia Urbica in the Ashmoleancollection).
Philip V.
Hill
BritishMuseum
London
September
2,
1948
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"BARBAROUS
RADIATES"
IMITATIONS OF THIRD-CENTURY
ROMAN COINS
GENERAL
HARACTERISTICS
HOARDS
frequently
to have emanated
and
contain
site-finds
pieces
from
from
which
any
Britain
official
cannot
and
Roman
possibly
the Continent
Imperial
be said
requently
ontain
pieces
which cannot
possibly
be said
to have emanated from
any
officialRoman
Imperial
mint. Of these
copies
some are
very
close
to
their
prototypes,
others only ust recognizable, while others again are of án ex-
treme
barbarity.
Until
comparatively
recent
years
such
pieces,
whenever
they
have turned
up
in
excavations,
have been labelled
simply
"barbarous" and thrown aside as useless for the
puťpose
of
dating
hoards and sites. Careful
study
of
them, however,
has convinced me that
they
can be
put
to a
very
definite
use,
if
only
they
can be classified
correctly
n some sort of
chronological
sequence. Unfortunately
the
task is
made
heavier
by
the
neglect
and lack of nterest hown by excavators in the past, but we may
still
hope
that a close
study
of hoards will throw considerable
light upon
our
researches,
although
it must
be borne
in mind
that
we have
only ust
begun
to touch the
fringe
of the
subject.
A
strikingexample
of the
importance
of
barbarous
imitations
in
dating
a hoard came to
my
notice
only
recently
n the case
of
that
from
Redenhall,
Norfolk.1 The
fact that the
latest
orthodox
coin was an
.¿E4
of Honorius
with
"Victoria
Auggg."
reverse
would at first
ight
date this hoard to the late fourth or
early
fifth
entury, probably
about the time of the Roman "With-
drawal." Nor would
its
barbarous
copies,
with
one
exception,
postulate
a
later
date,
since imitated Theodosian
JEą.
were
completely
absent.
(This,
however,
is not a serious
omission,
as
such
copies
are
very
rare in
Britain,
though
common
enough
on
the
Continent.)
The
exception
is
an
interesting
oin
in
more
ways
than
one
: it is a
minimus,
3
5
inches in
diameter
and in fine on-
1
Although
iscoveredver
ifty
ears
go,
his oard as
nly
ust
een
ublished
n
Num.hroń.,946,p.157-159.
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2 Barbarous "Radiates
dition,
copied
from a
fifth-century
oin with Chi-Rho
reverse,
and
with
an
obverse head
the
style
of which
resembles
very
closely
that
of the
early
Saxon sceattas
[Plate
I,
i].
This
fact,
together
with the lateness of its
prototypes,
which is itself
post-
Theodosian,
indicates
that the
copy
is
very
much later still in
date. The
only
conclusion
to which we can
come, therefore,
s
that the hoard must have been buried
at
some time
during
the
latter half of the fifth enturyat least.
By
whom and
why
were barbarous imitations
made? In the
first
lace, they
were
the
products
of unofficial
moneyers,
work-
ing
either
individually
or in
groups
at
irregular
mints scattered
throughout
the
Empire.
It
is indeed
probable
that
the
uthorities,
while
officially rowningupon
such
irregularities,
would be
led
to tolerate
them,
if
only
because
in course of time
they
came to
be in constant and
popular
use
through providing
a
very
neces-
sary supply of small change- a commodity in which the ortho-
dox Roman issues were
usually
sadly
lacking. Secondly, they
were struck both
by
tribes
bordering
on the
Empire
who wanted
coins
for
their own use
and
by
tribes within the
imperial
bound-
aries,
probably
for the
express
purpose
of
supplementing
the
issues of the official
mints,
especially
in times of
political danger
and
economic
insecurity.Lastly,
it
seems
that on
rare
occasions
an
official t
a
regular
mint would
try
his hand at the
business,
since
pieces
exist which are not
quite
orthodox in
style,although
presenting every
detail with somewhat
suspicious
exactitude:
nevertheless,
they
are
betrayed
by
their curious
irregular
etter-
ing
and the
long, pointed
nose
and
staring eye
of
the "semi-
barbarous" or
"slightly irregular" portraiture2
Plate
I,
2].
2
The levation
f
pretender
o he
urple
rovided
n
xceptional
eason
or
he
trik-
ing
f
arbarous
mitations,
ut
f
we
xclude
arausius,
hose
ase s
somewhat
iffer-
ent,
he
nly
xample
o
far
nown
s
that
f
Bonosus,
surper
nRhaetia
. a.D.
280.
There re
lso
ne
r
wo
ery
oubtfuloins
ttributed
o
he
surpers
ureolusnd
Amandus,
ut
hese,
ogether
ith
he
arbarous
old
iece
which as
been
iven
o
Odenathus
Rev.
Num.,
846,
.
278;
Cohen,
nd
d.,VI,
pģ
12),
must
ecessarily
e
treatedith onsiderableeserve.coinwhich,romhe bverseegend,eemsohave
been
opied
rom
piece
fVaballathus
s
n
my
wn ollection:
t
has
Hilaritas
reverse.
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General Characteristics 3
The
makers
of barbarous imitations
employed
numerous
methods of
flan
manufacture,
some of them most
ingenious.
Most common of all were the true
or
"prepared"
flans,
which
were
produced
in various
ways:
by
flattening
hot
globules
of
metal
[Plate
I,
3]
;
by
overstriking omplete
coins,
orthodox or
barbarous,
without first
rasing
the
original types
[Plate
I,
4]
;
by
filingaway
the
types
of
regular
coins
(usually
7E3)
[Plate
I, 5] or by cutting them into quarters [Plate I, 6] or roughly
rounded
fragmentsprior
to
restriking
with the new
types
and
by hammering
out and
cutting
up
coins of still
larger
module,
again prior
to
restriking Plate
I,
7].
In connexion with the
ast-
named
process
we shall see later that orichalcum coins of the
Early Empire appear
to have been
subjected
to this treatment n
many
cases,
probably
during
the
period
of metal
scarcity.
Also
in
post-Roman days,
when metal became
increasingly
difficult o
obtain, the method of making a flanby clipping it with shears
from
a
very
thin sheet
of
metal
[Plate
I,
8]
was
frequently
m-
ployed.
Such flanshave
sharp angles
and
edges
and often
possess
a
"tail" where the shears have
gone astray
n the
cutting;
other-
wise
they
are
tolerably
neat. Another method was to cut flans
from drawn-out rods of
metal,
but of course
only
the
very
small
pieces
known as "minimissimi" would have been
produced
in
this
way [Plate
I,
9]. They
are
naturally perfectly
ound,
but
they
often exhibit
signs
of weakness
in the
centre,
the
result
of
the tensile strain which was
placed upon
the rod as itwas
being
drawn
out.
Occasionally
barbarous
copies
were not struck but
cast
[Plate
I,
10]:
such
pieces
can
easily
be
recognized by
the
"tail" which
usually develops
in the
process
or
by
the "bevelled"
appearance
of the
edge,
as well as
by pit-marks
f
they
were cast
in a
sand-mould. Towards
the end of the fourth
century,
when
metal was
beginning
to become
scarce,
a
tendency
arose to re-
use earlier
(mainly
third-century)
oins,
either orthodox or bar-
barous, clipped to R 4 size [Plate I, 11]- the normal module
of the
regular coinage
at this
time
and
the same
tendency
is
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4 Barbarous Radiates
noticeable
at
a later date
when
clipped siliquae
passed
current3
[Plate
I,
12].
Although
there are
so
many
varieties of barbarous
copies
and
although
actual die-identities re
very nfrequently
iscovered,
a
study
of
hoards and site-findsreveals
the existence of
regional
"schools
of
art,"
each with
its
own
stylistic peculiarities
and
idiosyncrasies.
It is far more than a
general vague
resemblance
between coins from the same locality: it is a definite ffinityn
the treatment f both obverse
and
reverse,
almost
as if
the coins
came from the same
workshop
or even fromthe same hand.
To
take but two
examples,
fromnorth nd south
Britain
respectively,
Corstopitum
Corbridge,
Northumberland)
has
yielded
no fewer
than seven
such instances of
stylistic affinity
nd Verulamium
(St.
Albans,
Herts.)
has
yielded
at least two.
More
general
re-
semblances
are also
apparent
in coins from the same district.
n
the north,especially Corstopitum, thé tendencyseems to be to-
wards "lined-in"
figures
without relief
[Plate
I,
13],
while
southern sites
produce
coins with bolder
and
more "solid"
figures
n
high
relief
Plate
I,
14].
From the north
also we
very
often find
examples
of a
herring-bone
pattern
decorating
the
re-
verse
figures,
while both obverse
and reverse
designs
are in
a
circle
composed
of one thin line crossed
by
short lines
at
right
angles
to it
ininii) [Plate
1,
1
5]
or of a thin ine
with the shorter
lines
on one side
only mmim).
The
exergual
line,
f there s
one,
is decorated in the same
way.
M. Blanchet has also noticed the
existence of
regional
"schools
of art" on
the Continent.4 Their
presence,
both
in this
country
and
abroad,
suggests
an ordered
discipline
in the manufacture
of imitations rather
than
hap-
hazard
attempts, although
of course
this
does
not
necessarily
mean that
private
workshops
could not
have
been
set
up
by
in-
dividuals as well.
3
s
the
lippediliqua
he
denarius"
f
which
ildas
peaks
n
his
e Excidio
ritan-
nica 546A.D.)?
*■
ev.Num
1940,
p.
79-80.
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General Characteristics 5
The evidence for these
unofficialmints is so
plentiful
that we
may accept
their
existence as
fairly
ertain. Die-identities from
various
sites in this
country
nd abroad are the surest
indications
of an unofficial
mint
and,
moreover,
of one which
is
in
the
vicinity
of the site
where the coins were found. We
might
also
suppose,
with some
reason,
that the existence of the
regional
styles
of
"art" noted above could
suggest
the existence of ir-
regular mints,as could also the evidence of individual coins. A
few
examples may
be
given
to illustrate
our
point.
The first s a
barbarous
"Fel.Temp."
from
Lydney
Park,
Glos.,
with
the mint-
mark
COL*,
and Mr.
J.
W. E.
Pearce has
suggested
that
t
may
have emanated
from the
nearby
colonia
of Glevum
(Gloucester),
which,
therefore,
may
have
been
the site of
an
unofficial
mint.
A
similar
piece
with PLN
in
the
exergue (provenance:
Maiden
Castle,
Dorset)
seems
to have been struck at
London, but,
since
the London mint had been closed for over twentyyears before
the introduction of the "Fel.
Temp."
series,
the
only possible
explanation
of this
extraordinary
mintmark s that there
was
an
unofficial
mint
striking
barbarous
pieces
at
London. Another
"Fel.
Temp.,"
this time in
my
own
collection,
also
appears
to
bear the mark of London
(*PLN-) [Plate
II,
1].
The
presence
in
hoards
and site-finds f thin blanks
flans
of earlier coins care-
fully
fileddown
ready
for
restriking may
indicate with
greater
certainty nearby place
of
production
of barbarous
copies.
Site-
finds from
Corbridge
and Colchester have
yielded
such
pieces
and the ten
blanks
(six clipped
from thin sheet-metal
and
four
cut from
a
rod)
in the
Kiddington,
Oxon., hoard,
which was
buried c.
420-430,
a
decade or
two after the
"Withdrawal,"
may
tend to the same conclusion. The
most
definite
evidence,
however,
has come
from
the
continent,
where at Autun and
Éprave
the actual
workshops
themselves
have
been unearthed.
These
will, however,
be discussed in
a
later context.
Legends on barbarous imitationsrange fromcorrect and in-
telligent copies
to a
hopeless
jumble
of
meaningless
letters
or
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6 Barbarous Radiates
even
mere
lines
and dots. Minimi
(small
pieces
of
between
.50
and
.10
inches in
diameter)
are
usually anepigraphic,
doubtless
owing
to the
extremely
small size
of
the dies
employed.
Inter-
esting
varieties of
legends
often occur. There are those
which,
although
accurate or
reasonably
so,
bear no relation whatever to
the
types
which
they purport
to
describe.
A
barbarous
Tetricus I
-of
a
fine,
virile
style,certainly
better
han that of
any
orthodox
piece
of the
reign
in
my
collection has the reverse
egend
HER
DEY
SI
(from
the "Here. Deusoniensi" coins of Postu-
mus with Hercules
reverse)
combined with the
type
of Sol
[Plate
II,
2].
The
figure
of Fortuna
may
be found with the
legend
of Salus
[Plate
II,
3], Spes
with thatof
Pietas or
a
Genius
described as Virtus. From time to time we come across
pieces
which
are of
apparently) perfectly
rthodox
style
but which
have
hopelessly
blundered reverse
legends.
The
reason
for this is
quite obscure, unless they were the products of workmen at-
tached to officialmints who
intentionally
blundered the reverse
legends
[Plate
II,
4],
for t is inconceivable that
any
die-sinker
who
was
intelligent
enough
to master the intricacies of
both
obverse
legend
and reverse
type
and to
engrave
an excellent
por-
trait should
have failed so
completely
to
produce
an
intelligible
reverse
legend.
Anyone
who studies barbarous imitations at all
closely
is
struckbyone veryremarkablefactwhich is especially noticeable
in the more
degraded
and illiterate
specimens.
It is a
tendency
towards
emphasis
upon
one
particular
attribute or
part
of
the
design,
often to the
complete
exclusion of others.
In
the case of
Claudian
copies
it
is
usually
the shield of the Minerva
reverse
which receives this
emphasis [Plate
II,
5].
With
barbarous
radiates
it
is
the
radiate
crown
on the obverse
(which
always
re-
mains even after the rest of the
type
has
entirelydisintegrated,
cf.
Plate
II,
6)
or a
part
of
the reverse
figure
the left
arm
of
Pax
encircling
the
sceptre,
the skirt-folds f
Spes
or her
body
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General Characteristics 7
which often
develops
into
a
fiddleshape,
the
left arm and
whip
of
Sol,
the double
curve of the arms of Pietas or the
palm
of
Hilaritas
[Plate
II,
6,
rev.].
In
fourth-century opies
the em-
phasis
is
placed upon
such
parts
of the
design
as the
top
of the
standard in the "Gloria Exercitus"
type,
the horse
[Plate
II,
7],
the
legionary
or the
spear
of the "Fel.
Temp. Reparatio,"
the
wreath
of
Victory
n the "Victoria
Auggg." type
and the
captive
in the "Salus Reipublicae" type. Similarly,one particular etter,
such as the X
in
PAX,
the V in
FORTVNA
or
AVG,
or the
E
in FELICITAS
[Plate
II,
8],
may
be
large
and
pronounced
or even survive after the remainder
of the
legend
has sunk into
the
depths
of
barbarity
r has
disappeared
entirely.
The
only
ex-
planation
of these
phenomena
is that those letters nd attributes
which were
emphasized
were the ones which
especially
struck
the
engraver's imagination
and which seemed to
him
the most
important parts of the composition.
Another
characteristic- one which seems
to be confined to
"barbarous
radiates"
-
is the
absorption
of one
type
nto another.
The most common
instance of this is the
assumption
of
the
sceptre
of Pax
by
a
type
which
normally
does not
possess
this
attribute.
This confusion of
types
is
especially
frequent
in
coins
of
extremely
degraded style
and
may
be
explained
by
the facts
that the
engraver
had in mind the attribute of
another,
more
common, type (such
as
Pax)
while
he was
working
on his
die.
Indeed it is to be noted that the
types
whose attributeshave been
absorbed
into other
types
are
usually
those,
like
Pax,
Spes,
Pietas
and
Sol
[Plate
II,
9],
which are the
most common in
imitation.
So
much,
then,
for
the
general
characteristics
of
barbarous
copies.
The
subject
of our
present
study
is, however,
but one
section,
although
a
large
and
important
one,
of
a far more vast
and intricate field.
It
is
that class of
copies
which bear
a radiate
head on the obverse and a figure usually a dietyor a personifica-
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8 Barbarous Radiates
tion of
an
abstract
idea)
on the reverse and which are
placed
under
the
generic heading
of
"barbarous radiates."
Their
pro-
totypes
were the debased antoniniani of the late third
century,
those struck
by
the Gallic
Emperors (259-273) being
most
commonly
mitated.
Heading
the
frequency-list
f mitations
re
those
taken
from
the
coins of the Tetrici
(270-273) [Plate
II,
10,
11]
with,
second,
those from the
posthumous
issues of
Claudius II
(270) [Plate
II,
i
2], usually
withtheAltar
reverse,
and,
third,
those from
the coins of Victorinus
268-270) [Plate
11,
13].
Imitations
of
Postumus
[Plate
II,
14]
are uncommon
and those ofGallienus
[Plate
II,
i
5],
Quintillus
[Plate
II,
16]
and
Probus
[Plate
II,
17]
are
rare,
while
only
a few odd exam-
ples
exist of Aurelian
[Plate
II,-
1
8],
Tacitus
[Plate
II,
19]
and
Numerian. There
is
also
only
one recorded instance
of
a female
head on a barbarous
third-century
oin its
provenance
was Cais-
ter St. Edmund, Norfolk.5 Nevertheless, there is a coin (prove-
nance
unknown)
in
the Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford,
which
undoubtedly
shows a female head on
the obverse.
It has:
obv.
M
V,
bust of
Empress (Magnia
Urbica?),
draped,
r. rev.
legend
uncertain
female
figure standing
1.,
JE
.35
[Plate
II,
20].
CLASSIFICATION F
BARBAROUS ADIATES
To find a suitable method forthe classificationof barbarous
radiates is
not
easy.
We
cannot divide
them,
according
to their
prototypes,
nto
moneyers
or
reigns,
as is
possible
with the
cop-
ies of
Republican
denarii or of
Imperial
coins of the
preceding
three
centuries,
owing
to the vast
quantities
of
unassignable
coins,
which
are either
anepigraphic
or
whose obverse
legend
bears no
resemblance
to
an
emperor's
name
and
titles.
The usual
method,
that of
classification
by
reverse
types,
s,
if
ess
scientific,
at least
more
utilitarian.
A
natural
starting-point
s the division
of the
types
into animate and inanimate the former
may
further
s
Sutherland:
oinage
nd
Currency
nRoman
ritain
p.
126;
l.
V,
6.
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Classification of Barbarous "Radiates 9
be
subdivided into male
figures,
female
figures,
birds,
animals
and the
inevitable
miscellanea;
the latter into
altars,
sacrificial
implements,
abstract
designs,
dismembered
types
and miscel-
lanea. It
goes
without
saying
that
numerous unclassified
incerta
must be
added
to both subdivisions.
The male
types
so far noticed
are:
Aesculapius,
Cabirus
(?),
Caesar,
Emperor,
Genius,
Hercules,
Jupiter,
Mars
and
Sol. Of
these the Sol type is undoubtedly the commonest, probably on
account
of
its
virility
nd
action,
which made it
popular
among
the semi-Romanized communities who struck
these
pieces
'cf.
Plate
II,
2].
Among
the
imitations,
as
among
the
official
ssues,
female
types
are far more numerous than
male.
They
are:
Abundantia,
Aequitas,
Annona,
Concordia,
Dacia,
Diana
(?),
Felicitas,
Fer-
tilitas,
Fides,
Fortuna, Hilaritas,
Indulgentia,
Juno, Justitia,
Laetitia, Liberalitas, Libertas, Minerva, Moneta, Nemesis, No-
bilitas, Pax, Pietas, Providentia,
Roma, Salus, Securitas,
Spes,
Tutela, Uberitas, Venus,
Victory
nd
Virtus.
Pax
is the common-
est
of these
types,
followed
closely by Spes [Plate
II,
9].
Fides,
Fortuna,
Hilaritas,
Salus and Virtus are
by
no means
scarce,
but
the remainder varies from scarce to
extremely
rare. Not
all
the
varieties
of the same reverse
type
are of the same
frequency,
however. For
example,
Pax
holding
a transverse
ceptre
is
rare;
Pax
holding
a
cornucopiae
is
very
rare;
while
Pax
holding
a
vertical
sceptre
is
extremely
common. The
frequency
depends
largely upon
two factors
the
availability
of the
prototype
for
copying
and the
ability
of the
engraver
to render the
design
reasonably
accurately.
In
the
example quoted
above,
the
cornu-
copiae
and transverse
ceptre
of the
two scarcer varieties of Pax
would often be rendered so
badly
in
imitation
[Plate
III,
1],
owing
to their
being
"weaker"
attributes than the vertical
sceptre,
with a
consequent difficulty
n their
interpretation,
hat
the whole typewould soon cease altogetherto be copied.
Apart
fromthese
reverses,
which can
definitely
e traced to a
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io Barbarous Radiates
Roman
original,
there are
very many
others,
with
both
male
and
female
figures,
whose attribution
s
quite
uncertain,
either
be-
cause an essential
part
of the
design
is
off
he
flan,
or
because the
type
has become so barbarized
as
to make
it
unrecognizable
[Plate
III,
2],
or because the die sinker has used his
imagina-
tion to such an extent as to create an
entirely
new
type.
Of the
remaining
reversesthe sole
representative
f the
"bird"
section s theeagle of theposthumous issues of Claudius II, which,
however,
was
fairly
frequently copied.
The next
subdivision,
that of
animals,
is rare: its
examples
are
mainly
taken from the
legionary
series of
Gallienus,
Postumus and
Victorinus and
con-
sist of a
centaur,
a
doe,
a
goat,
a
griffin, Pegasus,
a
stag
and a
wolf.
There are also certain horse and
dog
types,
which were
probably
native
in
origin,
as no
prototype
an
be
found
for
them
in the officialRoman series
in
fact,
very good
case for
he
der-
ivation of the horse type from Ancient British coins has re-
cently
been stated.6
Among
the miscellanea are:
an
uncertain
standing
figure of
which numerous
examples
exist)
and certain
rare
types
with two
(or three)
figures,
seated
figure,
n
eques-
trian
figure Plate
III,
3]
and a radiate head
repeated
on the
re-
verse
[Plate
III,
4].
The commonest
inanimate
type
is
undoubtedly
that of the
Altar from the
posthumous
issues of Claudius
II,
although
the
Sacrificial
mplements type,mainly
of Tetricus
II,
was also
very
popular, perhaps
owing
to its
adaptability
to
stylization.
The
miscellanea are:
a
winged
caduceus,
crossed
cornucopiae,
a
galley, clasped
hands,
letters,
temple,
a
trophy
nd
captives
and
coins with
merely
a
blank reverse. Abstract
designs occasionally
occur,
but these were
solely
the
products
of the
engraver's
im-
agination
and
could
not
possibly
have
been
derived from
ny
Ro-
man
prototype.
The
large
class of coins
with dismembered
re-
verses must have owed its
origin
to
the imitation of worn or
*
By
my
riend,
r.Gilbert
skew,
.S.A.
to
whomam ndebtedor
many
seful
suggestions
n
connexion
ith arbarous
opies),
n
Num.
hron
943,
p.
104-105.
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Classification of Barbarous Radiates 1 1
badly
struck
originals
some
of
these bear indications of
having
been
copied
from nimate
figures, lthough
on
most of
them the
type
has so
completely disintegrated
as to be
composed
of
little
more than a few lines
and dots
[Plate
III,
5].
As with other
imitations,
barbarous radiates
may
be
divided
stylistically
nto
three
grades,7
the order of
degradation being
determined
by
a
study
of the closeness to the
original
of the
ob-
verse portrait nd the attributes nd postureofthe reversefigure.
One
finds hat
eventuallypersistent
nd
successive
copying
of the
same
type
eads to
complete stylization
of the
reverse,
ome
types,
such as
Sol,
Spes
and the Sacrificial
Implements, lending
them-
selves to
stylization
more
readily
than
others.
Grade
I
is
accurate,
or
reasonably
so,
with a fair ikeness in the
obverse
portrait
nd a correct
representation
f the details
of
the
reverse
figure
legends
are
usually ntelligible
with
good lettering,
and coins of this grade are obviously the work of competent
craftsmen with
a
knowledge
of Latin
as well as of their craft
[Plate
III, "6,
7].
In
Grade
II
the standard of
workmanship
has
fallen
off
quite
considerably [Plate
III, 8,
9].
The head or bust
on the
obverse
is no
longer
a
portrait,
one at least of the attri-
butes
of
the reverse
figure
is
missing (sometimes
both have
disappeared)
and the
posture
of the
figure
becomes
stiff nd
unnatural.
Legends
tend to
become
more
and more blundered
until
they
are almost
unintelligible
some
large-size copies
are
even
anepigraphic.8
Grade III reaches the lowest
stage
of bar-
barity
Plate
III, 10,
1
1].
Often
its coins have
types
which,
on
both obverse and
reverse,
are
breaking up
or have
completely
disintegrated:
if
not,
stylization
s the rule.
Legends (if
present
at
all)
are
totally
blundered
with, sometimes,
"letters" which
7
See
Num. otes
Möns
No.
65
for
utherland's
rading
f
Claudian
opies.
adiates
may
e
graded
n
much he ame
ines,
xcept
hat
e re
mitting
is ourth
rade
coins ith bverse
nd/or
everse
ype
eversedsince he esults
ould
ot
ustify
he
worknvolved.
8
Minimi
xist
n ll
hree
rades
nd,
wing
o
he mallness
f
he
lans,
any
inimi
of
ven rade have ne rboth
egends issing.
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1 2 Barbarous Radiates
can have
existed
in no
conceivable
alphabet
but
only
in the
mind of
the
engraver.
The
most
degraded
specimens
of this
grade
are those coins with
merely suggestion
of a
radiate crown
on the obverse and a
succession of lines and
dots to do
duty
as a
reverse
type
[cf.
Plate
III,
5].
Appendices
to this
monograph give
lists
of
A)
British
hoards,
(2?)
British
sites and
(
C
foreign
hoards
which have
yielded
radi-
ate copies. Although Appendices (A) and (B) are by no means
exhaustive,
they
will at least
be
sufficiently epresentative
to
present
a
general
picture
of
the distribution in this
country
of
such
imitations. Two facts
emerge: firstly,
hat
they
circulated
very widely
and,
secondly,
that
they
were in use
from the third
to the fifth
enturies,
and even
later.
We
shall see
presently
hat
this
continuity
f circulation
mplies
a
continuity
f
manufacture,
which vitiates the natural
assumption
that
radiate
copies
were
contemporarywith their prototypesand can all be classed to-
gether
in
the third
century.
A further
division of barbarous
radiates,
this time on a
basis
of
module,
may
be made.
Needless to
say,
no definite ine
can
be
drawn between the
larger copies
and the
minimi,
but it will
be
convenient to take it
to be
.50
inches
or
12.5
mm.,
all
coins of
this diameter and less
being
classed as minimi. At the
bottom of
the scale are the
tiny
pieces ranging
from
30
to . 10 inches
which
are now
universally (though ungrammatically )
known as
"minimissimi." These
ridiculously
small
coins,
of the smallest
of which it takes as
many
as
fifty
o cover an
English
halfpenny,
can
only
have
been
struck
and
passed
current
n
days
of
extreme
poverty
after the whole
economic structure of
the
country
had
collapsed.
Such
a
state of affairs
must have
applied during
the
period
of metal
scarcity
c.
a.D.
450-550?) long
after he Roman
"Withdrawal" and indeed the
extreme
barbarity
of
these
mini-
missimi
certainly
suggests
a
Britain which had
"gone
native."
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Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 13
HOARD EVIDENCEFOR DATINGBARBAROUS OPIES
It is
obvious
that a close
study
of
hoards will
provide
evidence
for
dating
barbarous
copies.
Certain
hoards,9
which must have
been buried
in the
early
seventies of the third
century,probably
during
the
economic crisis
precipitated by
the
unpopular
reform
of
Aurelian,
prove beyond question
that barbarous radiates were
circulatingside byside withtheirprototypes.From the contents
of
these hoards it
may
be stated that all Grade
I
copies
of
good
module,
together
with
many
of Grade
II,
were
contemporary
imitations. The burial
of other
hoards,10
containing
large-size
radiate
copies
interspersed
with
regular
coins
to Carausius or
Allectus,
may
be
dated to the last decade of the third
century
(some, perhaps,
having
been buried
during
the
troubles
accom-
panying
the fall of Allectus
in
296),
thus
indicating
that
bar-
barous radiates
of this size were
circulating
and
probably being
manufactured,
down to c.
300.
Others11show that
they
werecur-
rent,
albeit in diminished
numbers,
if not
actually
being
struck,
well
into the fourth nd
fifth
enturies.
We
may
be
fairly
ertain,therefore,
hat
all
Grade
I and
some
Grade II
copies
are
contemporary,
r
nearly
so,
with their
proto-
types
and even certain
large-size
Grade
III imitations
give
the
impression
of
being early
in
date,
having
been taken from worn
or
badly
struck
originals
or
representing perhaps
the
work of
illiteratecraftsmen.Radiate minimi,on the otherhand, present
a
problem
which is at once difficult nd
fascinating:
yet
here
again
a
study
of hoards
will at least
simplify
t
even
if t does not
solve
it
completely.
The
Brougham,
Great Chesters
and
Segontium
II
and III
9
Allington,
lackmoor
I,
Caistert.
Edmund,
mneth
and
I,
Great
hesterford,
Ham
Hill, inwood,
ong
Wittenham,
etley
bbey,
oole,
pton,
erulamiumII
and
Wimblington.
10
lackmoor
,
Clapton-in-Gordano,
oleford
Park
nd),
verton
nd
Verulamium
and I.
"
Bermondsey,
olchester,
ranfield,
cklingham
V, Redenhall,
iveliscombe
I,
Woodbridge,
oodeaton
nd
Worlebury
amp.
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14 Barbarous Radiates
hoards all must have
been
buried
towards
the end of
the third
century.
n them
regular
coins,
mainly
of the Gallic
Empire,
but
also sometimes of the British
Empire
of
Carausius
and
Allectus
(287-296),
were
found associated with
radiate minimi. Decisive
for
date, however,
was the Verulamium
Theatre hoard which
was
composed entirely
of radiate minimi. This is such an
im-
portant
hoard for our
purposes
that it will
repay
us
to examine
it more closely.
The
hoard,
which came to
light
in
1934
and
which has been
published
in full n
the NumismaticChronicle or
1937,
was com-
posed
of the
following pieces, grouped according
to size:
g
f
arge-size
arbarous adiates
at east), ndoubtedly
ontemporary
'with
their
rototypes.
86
ranging
rom to 8 mm.
n
diameter.
486
ranging
rom to
7
mm.
n
diameter.
44
ranging
rom
.5
to
5
mm. n
diameter.
696 total.
In addition there were numerous
fragmentary
oins and
scraps,
making
a
total of about
eight
hundred
pieces,
all
barbarous imi-
tations.
The
find-spot
was
9
inches
below the theatre
stage,
al-
most
exactly
on its central
line,
and 18 inches from
the inner
wall of
the curtain-slot.
ncontrovertible
rchaeological
evidence
showed
that
the
reconstructionof the
theatre,
which
included
the
building
of a new
stage,
could not
have taken
place
after
c.
300
a.D. The cement of which this new
stage
had been con-
structed
was
completely
intact,
without even a
crack,
so that it
formed
an effective eal between the
layer
of
third
century
ma-
terial
below
it
and the
ayer
of fourth
entury
material bove. The
latter
contained numerous coins
of fourth
century
date which
were
completely lacking
in the
former.
f the
hoard had
been
deposited
later
than
c.
300,
it
could not
possibly
have
found its
way
to the
below-stage layer:
such a
possibility
is
immediately
negatived bytheperfect onditionof the cement. It must,there-
fore,
have been buried before
the reconstruction of the
theatre
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Hoard ī/oidencefor Dating Barbarous Copies 15
in
c.
300.
Moreover,
in the orchestra of the theatre there were
found
minimi of
hoard-type
associated with
coins of
Carausius
:
thus the evidence for
the hoard's late
third-century
ate
is
com-
plete.
It would
appear
fairly
ertain, then,
that
radiate
minimi
were
being produced
before
the end of the
third
century,
ontrary
o
the formerbeliefs
of British numismatists who
were inclined
although quite logically to assign all minimi to a date after
the
Roman "Withdrawal."
The Verulamium Theatre hoard is
definite
proof
of the
fallaciousness of such a
theory
nd
since
its
discovery
we have had
to
reorientour ideas
very
radically.
This
is not to
say
that
radiate minimi were
not
produced
later: as we
shall
see,
we have
convincing
evidence that
they
were
struck
contemporaneously
with the
tinypieces
derived fromthe fourth-
century
"Fel.
Temp."
reverse which
may very
definitely
e as-
signed to the period of copper scarcity.Nevertheless, there are
certain
strong
stylistic
ifferences etween
the
early
and the late
minimi
[cf.
Plate
III,
7
and 1
1].
The former re
usually
of
good,
neat
style
and excellent
technique,
although
struck on
flans
which
are in most cases too small
for the dies :
the obverse
head,
though
no
portrait,
s
generally
well
engraved
and
carefully
xe-
cuted,
and the reverse
figure
s accurate both as
regards
attributes
and
posture.
Late
minimi,
on the other
hand,
are
usually
ex-
tremely
crude
attempts
at
portraiture
nd
design,
which
is
often
breaking
up
and
quite
unassignable
to
any
recognized
proto-
type.
Hoards
indicate that radiate
minimi
first
appeared
on
the
economic scene towards
the end of
the third
century say,
290
or thereabouts.
The next
question
to be decided is the reason for
their
production.
Their
re-appearance
in later
days
was,
of
course,
the result
of the metal
shortage,
but in the third
century
no such
conditions
prevailed.
In
fact,
the
precise opposite
seems to have
been the case, forthe base Gallic antoniniani,which had flooded
the markets of
Britain and the west
only
a
couple
of decades
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16 Barbarous "Radiates
previously,
were still n circulation n vast
quantities,
and hoards
even
suggest
that
both
they
and
their imitations were current
well into the fourth nd fifth enturies. The
key
to
the solution
of the
problem may
well
be
in the
great re-coinage
carried out
by
Carausius,
the British
Emperor,
in
c.
290,
in a
laudable
attempt
to
place
the
economy
of Britain
upon
a
more stable
footing.
He
replaced
the base
pieces
of
the Central and Gallic
Empires (al-
ready virtually demonetized by Aurelian s reform) by a new
well-silvered antoninianus of
good weight, reducing
the
former
merely
to a nominal
value.
To
remedy
the
shortage
of small
change consequent upon
the
demonetization and
(presumably)
withdrawal from irculation of the
former
urrency,private
per-
sons and unofficialmints
would
strike
these
minimi,
the
circula-
tion of which would
be
purely regional.
The continuance
of the use of radiate minimi in
Constantinian
days, ust beforetheywere superseded in popularity by minimi
with
fourth-century ypes,
is
evidenced
by
two
hoards,
from
Filton
and
Hove,
both of which were
buried c.
320.
Later
still
(c.
400)
another series of hoards12
indicates not
only
the
persist-
ence in circulation of radiate minimi
a
century
r
more after
heir
first
ppearance,
but also the
comparatively early
manufacture
of diademed
minimi,
mostly
with "Fel.
Temp." types,
for the
purposes
of small
change.
But still
another
factor,
which un-
doubtedly
had much to do with
the causes of the
production
of
barbarous
minimi,
was
starting
to affect the economic life of
the
Empire
at
this time.
The metal
scarcity
which became
acute
some
fifty ears
later
was
already beginning
to make
itselffelt n
the last
years
of the
fourth
entury,
as
is shown
only
too
clearly
by
the closure
of mints and the
reduction of the
regular
bronze
coinage
to
JE4
module.
Although
they
had failed to
compete
in
popularity
with the
"Fel.
Temp."
imitations,
barbarous
radiates had not
been
com-
pletely superseded. As we have seen, both large-size copies and
12
E.g.,
Dustonnd
Richborough
II.
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Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 17
minimi were still
circulating
towards
the end of
the fourth en-
tury,
ndhoards1
3
how that even in
post-Roman days,
during
the
fifth nd sixth
centuries,
radiate minimi were
again being
manu-
factured,
though
of a
very degraded style
and
fabric. For more
than a
century
and a half after the
"Withdrawal,"
the
copper
scarcitynaturallyprecluded
the manufactureof
any pieces
above
minim module until well into the sixth
century,
when
(if
we can
draw any conclusions from the solitaryhoard at our disposal-
the
Richborough
IV
hoard)
the size of the current
money
seems
to have
undergone
a
considerable
increase.
In
the
absence of
other hoards to which such
a
late date can with
any
certainty
be
given,
however,
it
is neither
possible
nor wise to
attribute more
than a local
significance
to this
phenomenon
and to
assert that
copper
was
in
better
upply throughout
the
country
t this time.
Richborough,
and in fact all
Kent,
was then in the
hands
of the
Jutish nvaders,and ithas been suggested14thatsome, at least, of
the
coins of the
radiate hoard were struck not
by
the Romano-
Britons but
by
their Teutonic
conquerors
who,
having
attained
a more settled
way
of
iving,
were
now
beginning
to feel the need
of a
coinage
of their own.
It
may
well
be,
in
fact,
that
some of
these
pieces
represent
the
earliest
attempts
at a native
"Saxon"
coinage,
while
others
in
the
hoard,
more
closely
akin to
the
Romano-British
styles
of
imitations,
seem to indicate
that
the
conquerors
made use also
of
barbarous
coins which
they
had ob-
tained
by plunder
or as "treasuretrove."
Consequently,
we
may
surmise
that
copper
was not so
scarce
among
the
invaders as
13
E.g.,
erran-ar-worthal
late
th
entury),ayle,
ere
nd
Whitchurch
all
fiftho
sixth
enturies)
nd
he
Richborough
adiate oard
Richborough
V] (r.600).
14
H.
Mattingly
W. P. D.
Stebbingin
um. otes
ř
Monographs,
o.
80,
p.
13.
For
a
very
ound
rgument
or
he
ate
ixth-century
ate f he oard ased n
tylistic
affinities
f
ertain
f ts
oins ith
axon
ceatta
whichppearedrobably
bout
alf
a
century
ater),
eeDerek
llen,
n n
ppendix
o
he
Monograph
1
bid
,
.
117).
he
lateness
f he oard
s lso
uggested
y
he
resence
f
few
ybrids
ith
adiateb-
versesnd eversesopiedromourth-centuryFel. emp."nd Gloria omanorum"
types.
hedatef
roduction
f hese
ieces
ust e
placedonsiderably
ater
200-300
years?)
han he
ate f heir
rototypes.
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18 Barbarous Radiates
among
the
nvaded,
and that this was the reason forthe
apparent
improvement
in the
metal
position,
which seems therefore to
have
been
purely
local.
We have seen from hoard evidence that radiate imitations
were
in
fairly
ontinuous
use from
the third to
the fifth
enturies
and even later. From
this
continuity
of circulation we
may
as-
sume
a
continuity
of
manufacture,
so that it is not difficult o
imagine the persistent, if sporadic, striking of these pieces
throughout
the fourth
century.
The
evidence
of
overstrikes
un-
derlines
very strongly
that of the
hoards.
Admittedly, examples
are
by
no means
common,
but we
may quote
two here which
sup-
port
our
hypothesis.
One,
in
my
own collection from
Yorkshire
(PMethley),
is a Grade III
barbarous radiate with Altar reverse
overstruck
on
a
hammered-out Constantinian "Vota" coin
issued
probably
c.
333
a.D.) [Plate
III,
12];
the
other,
from Corsto-
pitum, s a radiate with a disintegratedobverse and reverseover-
struck on
a
"Victoriae Dd.
Auggq.
Nn." of Constantius II or
Constans
(issued
c.
340
a.D.) [Plate
III,
13].
That barbarous radiates underwent
a
revival in
popularity
in
post-Roman
times is not to be
doubted,
although
the reason for
this is not
easy
to
discover.
Since,
during
the
period
of metal
scarcity,
no further
upplies
of coin
were
being imported,
the
Romano-Britons
had to
rely
upon
very
crude
home-produced
pieces
to
supplement
the
worn late Theodosian
bronze which
were the last coins to have been received fromthe official m-
perial
mints.
Moreover,
since the difficult
onditions which
pre-
vailed at the time
owing
to the Saxon
invasions must
have ren-
dered
mpossible
the
working
of
theBritish
mines,
the
only
source
of
supply
for the flans of
these small and
degenerate
pieces
would be the coins of former
centuries
dug up
from
the earth
of those of more recent times
which still
remained
in
circulation.
Occasionally
one comes across
barbarous radiates of a
"brassy"
appearance. These pieces are usually of very crude workman-
ship
and struck on flans
of
varying shapes,
not
very
often
nicely
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Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 19
rounded.
It has been
suggested15
that
they
were made fromori-
chalcum coins
(sestertii
nd
dupondii)
of
the
Early Empire,
ham-
mered out
to the
required
thickness,
roughly
chisel-cut into
small
pieces
and
stamped
with the new dies
[cf.
Plate
I,
7].
In-
deed,
the makeshift
way
of
manufacturing
he flans
nd
of
strik-
ing
the coins
indicates
neither
a
very
stable
economy
nor a
very
settled
political
situation,
and some of the cruder
specimens
may
even suggest a post-Roman date.
If,
then,
as seems
likely,
the Britons of the fifth
nd sixth cen-
turies were forced to
rely upon
obsolete
money
for the
produc-
tion
of their
coins,
why
should
they
not
have
relied
upon
obso-
lete
money
for the
types?
We know
that
orthodox
pieces
of
the
third
century
as well as their imitations were current as
late as
the end of the
fourth
entury
and there is
certainly
no reason to
suppose
that
they passed
out of
currency
n
post-Roman
days;
moreover, many hoards which had been buried at the time of
Aurelian
s reformmust have been
dug up by
the
hard-pressed
and
poverty-stricken
ritons of the later fifth
entury
nd we
can
imagine
that their
contents
would have been
eagerly
seized
upon
both
for
he
metal
which
they
contained
and for
heir
possibilities
as
prototypes.
Constantinian and other
fourth-century
oards
would suffer like fate hence the
apparent segregation
of
radi-
ate
and
diademed
minimi
which,
although
circulating
contem-
poraneously,
are but
rarely
found
associated in the same
hoard.
The evidence of
foreign
hoards has now to be considered. A
selection of these is
given
in
Appendix
C
and,
in
spite
of con-
siderable differences
n
the
history
and economic
conditions of
Britain
and
the
Continent,
they
corroborate n a
singular
manner
the evidence of British hoards as
regards
the
date and
circulation
of our
copies.
I am lso
ndebtedoMr.
Askew
or
his
uggestion,
he
ossibility
f
which
adnot
previously
ccurred
o
me. n
view
f
the tatement
t
the nd
f
this
aragraph,
t
must ot e upposedhat ll coinstrucknorichalcumlansre atendate; here
also
xist
pecimens
f
definitelycontemporary"
tyle,
nd
we
may
magine
hat
his
method
f
mprovising
lans
as
n
use t
east
rom
he atteralf f
he hird
entury.
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20 Barbarous Radiates
The factthat
barbarous
radiates were
contemporary,
r
nearly
so,
with their
prototypes
s indicated
by
certain hoards of which
those
from
Ahrweiler,
La
Blanchardière, Cattenes,
Evreux
and
the Mazeau Marsh
are sufficient
roof.
Of hoards
containing
radiate
minimi,
that from
Jublains
is
undoubtedly
the most
im-
portant.
It seems reasonable
to
conclude
that this hoard was
put
into
the earth at about the
time
of
Aurelian
(270-275)
-
whose
reform, ncidentally,was just as unpopular in Gaul as it was
in
Britain,
so that
it
must have been the cause of
the
burial
of
hoards
of the old
money
in
both
provinces.
From this hoard
we
may
be
right
n
supposing
that
radiate
minimi were
being
struck
in Gaul some
years
before
their first
ppearance
in
this
country
-
a conclusion which
is
amply supported by
the evidence of
other
hoards.16
Indeed,
the "Gallic"
air
of
many early
minimi in
this
country
seems to
point
to their
mportation
from
Gaul,
and
the late Mrs. Wheeler, in herreporton the Verulamium Theatre
hoard,17
uggested
that
they
were
notof
British
manufacture."18
This,
of
course,
is a reasonable
enough
conclusion
if,
as seems
likely,
the
production
of radiate
minimi
on
the
Continent
pre-
ceded their
production
in Britain
by
some
twentyyears.
That both
large-size copies
and minimi were
still
circulating
on the
Continent,
as in
Britain,
at the end of the third or
begin-
ning
of the fourth
entury,
s
shown
by
such hoards
as
those
from
Niedderrentgen,
Ëtival-lès-Le
Mans and
Venèra,
while the
Han-
sur-Lesse and the Ettelbruck II hoards indicate the continued
circulationof
arge-size
barbarous radiates
during
the
earlyyears
of
the fourth
entury.
The
Lavoye
hoard,
of
1,760
copies rang-
ing
from
14
mm. down to 6 mm. in
diameter,
would seem to be-
long
to the seventies
of the third
century,
s obverses based on
coins
of
Gallienus,
Claudius II and the Tetrici have been
noted,
but
the
factthat t was contained in a
fourth-century
ase
postu-
16
Duisburg,etz(?), ontdidier,isseau-le-Petit,ezou,
he
aône,
te.
onorine-des-
Pertes,trasbourg,oucy, erdesnd he osges.
*7
Num
Chroń.,
937,
p.
211-228.
18
bid.,
.
225.
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Hoard Evidence for Dating Barbarous Copies 2 1
lates a somewhat later date for
ts
burial. Of
all the Continental
finds,however,
that fromAutun is
probably
the most
nteresting.
In a
layer
of carbon and ash there
were found some broken cruci-
bles,
one still
containing
bronze;
in one corner were
numerous
worn
radiate
minimi,
obviously
destined for the
melting pot,
while
close
by
was a
large quantity
of minimi with Constantinian
types
(6-8
mm.
in
diameter),
all
in mint state. There is little
doubt that we have here definite vidence of an unofficialwork-
shop
and
proof
not
only
that radiate minimi were
still
circulating
in
Gaul
during
the firsthalf of
the fourth
century
but also
that,
towards the
middle of the
century,they
were
being superseded,
like
their British
counterparts, by
minimi
copied
from contem-
porary
coins.
The revival of
radiate imitations seems to have
taken
place
on
the
Continent
ratherearlier
than in
Britain,
s is
probably
shown
by the Wancennes hoard, which contained radiate minimi in
association with two
orthodox coins
of
Valentinian
II,
so that it
may
be dated
to
c.
390,
and the
Surcy
hoard,
which contained one
orthodox Tetricus
I,
four barbarous
Tetricus
I and coins of the
fourth
entury
o
Eugenius
(392-394).
The survival of
radiates,
both of
large
module
and of minim
size,
at the end of the fourth
century
is indicated
by
both these
hoards,
as
well
as
by
the
Éprave
hoard
(c.
a.D.
400).
Here,
as at
Autun,
an
irregular
work-
shop
was
discovered,
with
several thousand
radiate minimi
3
mm.
in
diameter,
heap
of
slag
and an iron crucible
containing opper
waste
and
grains
of bronze.
Finally,
a
hoard
of
2,197
pieces
from
Dalmatia,
buried c. a.D.
465-470, during
the
reign
of the
Byzantine Emperor
Leo,
sug-
gests
a late
fifth-century
ate
forthe manufacture
nd circulation
of radiate
copies
in view of the fine
condition of its four barba-
rous
radiates,
one
AE3
(small)
and three minimi.
It
may
now be
possible
for us to make a
rough chronological
sketch of barbarous radiates from the evidence which we have
outlined in the
preceding pages.
About 260 or
a little
ater
arge-
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BARBAROUS RADIATES-.
HOARDS AND
SITE-
FINDS
v.
IN BRITAIN
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Key to
Map
1.
Abingdon
2.
Alchester
3. Allington
4.
Alwalton
5.
Ami
weh
6.
Ancaster
7.
Asthall
8. Atworth
9.
Baldock
10.
Beckley
1
1
Bermondsey
12. Bitterne
13.
Blackmoor
14.
Bloxham
15.
Bourton-on-the-
Water
16.
Brading
17. Bristol18.
Brougham
19. Brough-on-the
Humber
20.
Bury
St.
Edmunds
21.
Caerhun
22.
Caerleon
(Segontium)
23.
Caernarvon
24.
Caerwent
25.
Caister
t.
Edmund
26.
Cambridge
27.
Canterbury
28.
Chapelfield
29.
Cheddar
30.
Chedworth
31.
Chester
32.
Chesters
33.
Chesterton
34.
Cirencester
35.
Clapton-in-
Gordano
36.
Colchester
37.
Coleford
38. Corbridge
(Corstopitum)
39.
Cranfield
40. Din Lligwy
41.
Din
Sulwy
42.
Ditchley
43.
Dorchester
44.
Dorn
45.
Duston
46.
Emneth
47.
Everton
48.
Filton
49.
Fletton
50. Frilford
5
1 Gt. Chesterford
52.
Gt.
Wymondley
53.
Ham
Hill
i
54.
Hayle
55.
Hengistbury
ead
56.
Higham
Ferrers
57.
Hove
58.
Hovingham
59. Icklingham
60.
Kenchester
61. Kiddington
62.
Kings
Sutton
(Astrop)
63.
Latton
64.
Leicester
65.
Lincoln
66.
London
Bridge
67.
Long
Wittenham
68.
Lydney
69.
Maiden
Castle
70.
Maltón
71.
Manchester
72.
March
(Linwood
Farm)
73.
Mere
74.
Methley
75.
Netley
76. Newbury
77.
Nobottle
78.
Otford
79.
Patcham
80.
Perran-ar-
worthal
81.
Peterborough
82.
Poole
83.
Redenhall
84.
Richborough
85. St.
Albans
(Verulamium)
86.
Silchester
87.
Southwark
88.
South
Witham
89.
Stone
90.
Tackley
91.
Uddingston
92.
Upton
93. Wanborough
94.
Weymouth
ay
95. Whitchurch
96. Wimblington
97.
Wiveliscombe
98. Woodbridge
99.
Woodeaton
100.
Wookey
Hole
1
01.
Wootton
102.
Worlebury
amp
103.
Wroxeter
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24 Barbarous Radiates
size
imitations were
first
produced [Plate
IV,
i], very
shortly
afterwards to
be
followed
(between
270
and
280
on the Con-
tinentand
c.
290
in
Britain) by
minimi
[Plate
IV,
2]. Copies
in
both sizes were struck
[Plate
IV,
3,
4]
until c.
330,
when
they
gradually
came to be
replaced by
Constantinian
and, later,
"Fel.
Temp."
imitations.
They
were manufactured
only sporadically
for the
next
century
or
so
[Plate
IV,
5, 6],
until,
at
about the
middle of the fifth entury,radiate minimi were again produced
[Plate
IV,
7]
and,
as the
shortage
of metal became more
acute,
the modules fell to "minimissimi"
size.
Towards the end of
the
sixth
century,
n
this
country,
radiate
copies
of somewhat
larger
module were
made,
but
of these the
only examples
which we
possess
are those of the
Richborough
Radiate
hoard and
a
few
isolated
examples, mostly
of uncertain
provenance [Plate
IV,
8-13;
cf.
IV,
14-18].
Later
still,
in the seventh
century,
the
Teutonic settlers,when theyfeltthe need fora regular coinage,
employed
radiate
models for
some of
their
thrymsas
and sceat-
tas: thus the
third-century
adiates came into their own
again
as
prototypes
for n
entirely
new series which is
quite
as
interesting,
though
also
as
puzzling,
as that which we have been
considering
in
these
pages.
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APPENDIX B: BRITISH SITE-FINDS
Anglesey:
PDinLligwy.
AAST,
1929,
p.
26.
Din
Sulwy.
AAST
1929,
p.
26.
Berkshire:
Abingdon.
CCRB,
p.
181.
Frilford,
r.
Abingdon.
Arch.,
868,
pp.
417-485.
Rept.,
.
42.
Newbury.
CCRB,
p.
182.
Buckinghamshire:
tone.
CCRB,
p.
181.
Carnarvonshire: Caerhun. ACb,1925,pp.322-341.
Segontium
Carnarvon).
ACb,
1922,
pp.
313-315.
Cheshire:
Chester.
CAS
J, 1939,pp.
44-45.
CCRB,
p.
183.
Denbighshire:
Castle
yons.
TC,
1930,
pp. 87-97.
Essex:
Colchester.
(Personalxamination.)
GreatChesterford.
NC,
1934,pp.
225-227.
Gloucestershire:
Bourton-on-the-Water.
GAST,
1934,
p.
121-128.
NC,
i935>PP-
275-281.
Chedworthilla.
NC,
1865,
pp. 175-179.
Chesters
illa,
Woolastonģ
Cb,
1938,
p.
114.
(Personalxamination.)
Cirencester.
NC,
1936,pp.
261-263.
Lydney.
Rep
.,
pp.
104-131.
Hampshire:
Bitterne.
NC,
1934,pp.
223-224.
Hengistbury
ead.
Rept.,
p.
65-71.
Neetham.
CCRB,
p.
181.
Silchester.
NC,
1929,
pp.
328-332.
CCRB,
pp.
1
80-181.
(Personal
xamination.)
Herefordshire:
Kenchester.
WCT,
191 /1
,
pp.
188-210.
Rept
I,
pp.
32-64;
II,
pp.
48-59.
Hertfordshire:
Baidock.
JBAA,
1933,
p.
235-246.
EHAST,
1942, p.
154-161.
Great
Wymondley.
VCH.
Herts.,
V,
p.
171.
Verulamium
St.
Albans).
NC,
1859,pp.
101-141.
NC,
1932,pp. 239-242.
Arch.,
934,
pp.
213-247
passim
NC,
1937,pp.
212-214
passim
CCRB,
pp.
178-182.
Rept.,p.223-239.EHAST, 1942, p.154-161.
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Appendix B: British Site-finds 33
NC,
1945,pp. 159-163.
(Personal
xamination.)
Huntingdonshire:
Alwalton.
(Personal
xamination.)
Chesterton.
(Personal
xamination.)
Isle
of Wight:
Brading
illa.
(Personal
xamination.)
Kent:
Canterbury. (Personal
xamination.)
Otford.
Rep
.,
pp.
6,
8.
Richborough.
Rept.
,
pp.
106-173;
I,
pp.
106-231;
III,
pp.
187-
235-
CCRB,
pp.
179,
182.
NC,
1939,
p.
112-1
19
passim.
NC,
1943,
p.
72.
Lancashire:
Chapelfield.
Rept.
,
p.
80.
Manchester.
Rept.
Appx.
f
Coins.)
Leicestershire:
Leicester.
NC,
1940,
pp.
24-31.
Lincolnshire:
Ancaster.
JAABI,
1932,
pp.
16-17.
Lincoln.
JAABI, 1932,
pp.
16-17.
South
Witham,nr.Grantham. (Personalxamination.)
London:
London
ridge.
NC,
1841
=1842),
pp.
187-
194.
Monmouthshire:
Caerleon.
BBCS,
1924,
pp.
98-100.
Caerwent.
BBCS,
1924, pp.
95-98;
1927/9, p.
99-100.
Norfolk:
Caister
t.
Edmund.
CCRB,
pp.
178-181,
83.
Northamptonshire:
igham
errers.
(Personal
xamination.)
Duston.
NC,
1934,pp.
221-222.
King's
utton.
CCRB,
p.
178.
Peterborough. (Personalxamination.)
Northumberland:
Corstopitum
Corbridge).
CRB,
pp.
178-182.
(Personal
xamination.)
Oxfordshire:
Alchester.
Ant
,
1932,pp.
62-63.
CCRB,
p.
182.
Asthall.
(Personal
xamination.)
Beckley.
CCRB,
p.
182.
Bloxham.
Oxon.,
938,p.
53.
Ditchley
illa.
Oxon.,
936/7,
p.
65-67.
Dorchester.
Oxon.,
936/7,
p.
68-69.
Tackley.
Oxon.,
936/7, p. 93-100.
Woodeaton. CCRB,pp.181-182.
(Personalxamination.)
Wootton.
CCRB,
p.
183.
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34 Barbarous Radiates
Shropshire: Wroxeter.
Rept.
,
pp. 81-96;
II,
pp.
54-83;
II,
pp.
67-112.
Somerset:
Cheddar.
(Personalxamination.)
Wookey
ole.
(Personalxamination.)
Suffolk:
Icklingham.
(Personal
xamination.)
Sussex: Patcham.
FCH.9
Sussex
II,
p.
51.
Wiltshire: Atworthilla.
W
M,
1940/2, p,
76-87.
Latton,
r.
Cricklade.
NC,
1864,
pp.
216-223.
Wanborough,
windon.
NC,
1939,
pp.
291-292.
Worcestershire: Dorn. VCH ,WaresI, p. 221.
Yorkshire:
Brough-on-the-Humber.
altón
ept
V,
pp.
54-55.
Hovingham.
Maltón
ept
V,
pp. 90-92.
Maltón.
Rept
II,
pp.
84-1
1
5.
Methley.
(Personal
xamination.)
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APPENDIX
C: FOREIGN HOARDS
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LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN APPENDICES
AAel:
Archaeologia
eliana.
AAST:
Transactions
f
the
Anglesey
rchaeological
ociety.
ACb:
Archaeologia
ambrensis.
ACt:
Archaeologia
antiana.
AJ:
Archaeological
ournal.
AntJ:
ntiquaries
ournal.
ARALM:Atti ellaRealeAccademiae' LinceiMemorie).
Arch.:
rchaeologia.
ASAN:
Annales e
a
Société
rchéologique
e
Namur.
BBCS:
Bulletin
f
he
Board
fCeltic tudies.
BGAST:
Transactions
f
heBristolndGloucestershire
rchaeological
ociety.
BIAL:
Bulletin
e
'Institut
rchéologique
iégeois.
BJ:
Bonner
ahrbücher.
BNJ:
British
umismatic
ournal.
BSAF:
Bulletine
a Société
es
Antiquaires
e
France.
BSSM:
Bulletine
a Société
'agriculture,
cience
tarts
u
Mans.
CASJ: ournalf heChesterndNorthWalesArchitectural,rchaeologicalnd
Historical
ociety.
CCRB:
Sutherland:
oinage
nd
Currency
n
Roman ritain
Oxford,
937).
CWAST:
Transactions
f the Cumberland
nd
Westmorland
rchaeological
Society.
D: diademed.
DAST:
Transactions
f heDorset
rchaeological
ociety.
EHAST:
Transactions
f
heEast
Hertfordshire
rchaeological
ociety.
JAABI:
ournal
f
the
Antiquarian
ssociation
ftheBritishsles.
JBAA:
ournal
f he
British
rchaeological
ssociation.
JRS:JournalfRoman tudies.
MGE:
Mittheilungen
er
Geschichte
ür
rhaltung
er
gesch.
enkmälerm
Elsass.
M
SE:
Mémoires
e
a Société duenne.
NA:
Norfolk
rchaeology.
NC: Numismatic
hronicle.
NNM:
Numismatic
otes
nd
Monographs.
Oxon.:
Oxoniensia.
PIL:
Publications
e
a
Section
istorique
e
'Institut
oyal
rand-ducal
e
Lux-
embourg.
PSA:Proceedingsf he ocietyfAntiquariesfLondon.
PSAS:
Proceedings
f he
ociety
f
Antiquaries
fScotland.
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40 Barbarous "Radiates
P-VCIN:
Procès-verbaux
u
Congrès
nternationale
numismatique.
R:
radiate.
RBN:
Revue
elge
e
numismatique.
RCHM:
Royal
ommissionorHistorical
onuments.
Rept.:
Report.
RHAM:
Revue
istorique
t
archéologique
u Maine.
RN:
Revue
umismatique.
RSN:
Revue
uisse e
numismatique.
SNQ: Sussex otes ndQueries.
TMR:
Blanchet:
es Trésors
e
monnaies
omaines
Paris,
900).
YARJ:
Jahrbücher
esVereins
on
Alterthumsfreundem
Rheinlande.
VCH:
Victoria
ounty istory.
WAM:
Wiltshire
rchaeologicalagazine.
WZGK:
Westdeutsches
eitschrift
ür
Geschichte
ndKunst.
YC:
Y
Cymmrodor.
ZfN:
Zeitschrift
ür umismatik.
The
following
xcavation
eports
ave
lsobeen sed.
Reportsf heResearchommitteef he ocietyfAntiquaries:
Nos.
, 2,
4.
J.
P. Bushe-Fox:
roxeter>, Oxford,
91
;
II, Oxford,
914;
III,
Oxford,
916.
No.
3.
J.
P. Bushe-Fox:
engistbury
ead
Oxford,
91
.
Nos.
6,
7,
10.
J.
P. Bushe-Fox: ie
borough,
, Oxford,
926;
I,
Oxford,
1928;
II,
Oxford,
932.
No.
9.
R.
M.
&
T. V. Wheeler:
ydney
Oxford,
932.
No.
il.
R. M.
& T.
V.
Wheeler:
erulamium
Oxford,
936.
Leeds
& Harden:
he
Anglo-Saxon
emetery
t
Abingdon,
erks., xford,
930.
(For
site-finds
rom
rilford.)
G.
H.
Jack
A. G.
K.
Hayter:
xcavations
n
he ite
of
he
Romano-British
TownfMagnaKeneester,erefordshire191 -13,1,Hereford,916; I
(
1
24-2
5),
Hereford,
926. Vol.
I alsoforWroxeter
hoard.)
Roman
Maltón
nd
District
eports:
No.
2.
P. Corder:
he
Defences
f
he
Roman
ort t Maltón
Leeds,
930.
No.
5.
M. K.
Clark:
Gaxetteer
f
Roman
emains
n East
Yorkshire
Leeds,
1935.
For
Norton
oard nd
ite-finds
rom
rough,hapelfield
nd
Ho-
vingham.)
F.
A.
Bru on:
The
Roman
ort
t Manchester
Manchester,
909.
B. W.
Pearce:
eport
f
he
xcavation
ommittee
f
he
evenoaks
ociety
n he
Roman
ite
t
Otford,
1
Dec
IĢ28,
ondon,
929.
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KEY TO THE PLATES
Plate
I
1.
Minimus
opying
th
century
ypes:
ev.Chi-Rho.
Redenhall
oard
Norwich
Museum.
2. Semi-barbarous
triking
t
official(?)
mint:
Constantine
I,
rev.
Romae
Aeternae. Own
collection.
Examples f lanmanufacture:
3.
Flattened
lobule:
rev.Sol.
Own
collection.
4.
Overstrike:
ev. Fel.
Temp. Reparatio
legionary
horseman)
n
Fel.
Temp. Reparatio
phoenix).
Own
collection.
Cp.
rev.
egends
CONST
ANTIVS,
etc.)
of
"Carausius
I"
coins.
5.
Old
coin
filed
own:
rev.
Fides.
Own
collection.
6.
Old
coin
cut
into
quarters
nd restruck:
ev. Altar.
Verulamium
Verulamium
Museum.
7.
Old
coin hammered
ut and
cut
up:
rev. Pax.
Colchester.
ColchesterMuseum.
8.
Clipped
from
heetmetal:rev.
Jupiter.
Own
collection.
9.
Cut
from od: rev.
Fel.
Temp.
Reparatio
legionary
horseman).
Colchester
Colchester
Museum.
10. Cast
copy:
rev.
Sacrificial
mplements.
edenhall
oard.
Norwich
Museum.
11.
Clipped
nd rounded
ragment: agnentius,
ev.
Chi-Rho.Worle-
bury amp
hoard.
Taunton
Museum.
12.
Clipped
iliqua:
Jovian,
ev.Vot. V.
Mult.
X.
Own
collection.
Stylistic
arieties:
13.
Lined-in
figure:
ev.
Pax.
Corstopitum.
Corstopitum
useum.
14.
Solid
figure:
ev.
Mars.
Verulamium.
Verulamium
Museum.
15.
Decorated
ircle
urrounding
ype:
rev.
male
figure.
Corstopitum
useum.
Plate
II
1.
Fel.
Temp,
with
PLN
mint-mark. Own
collection.
Varietiesf egend:
2.
Sol
with
HER.DEV[SONIEN]SI legend.
Own
collection.
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42 Barbarous Radiates
3.
Fortuna
with
SALVS
legend.
V rrulamtum.
Own
collection.
4.
Good
obv.
egend
ut
blundered
ev.
egend:
rev.
Spes.
Own
collection.
Varieties
f
type:
5.
Claudian
opy:
rev.
Minerva
exaggeratedhield).
Obv.
die-identity
with
oin from incoln
Own
collection.
6.
Disintegrated
bv.
crown urviving):
ev.Palm of
Hilaritas?
omer-
set ¿Cheddar). Own collection.
7.
Fel.
Temp,
emphasis
n
horseman).
olchester
Colchester
Museum.
8.
Survival
f letter
in
FELICITAS: rev.
Felicitas.
Verulamium
Verulamium
Museum.
9.
Spes
holding
whip
of
Sol.
Own
collection.
Note: VIRTVS
AVG
legend.
Portraiture:
10.
Tetricus
: rev.
Salus.
Corstopitum. Corstopitum
useum.
11.
Tetricus
I: rev. Pax.
Corstopitum
Corstopitum
useum.
12. Claudius
I,
Divus: rev.
Pax
(hybrid).
erulamium
VerulamiumMuseum.
13.
Victorinus:
ev.
Salus.
Yorks
Methley
.
Own
collection.
14.
Postumus:
ev.
Mars
(base
JR).
Own
collection.
15.
Gallienus:
rev.Nobilitas.
Own collection.
16.
Quintillus:
ev.
Victory.
Own collection.
17.
Probus:rev.
Spes.
Own collection.
18. Aurelian:rev.Victory. Own collection.
19.
Tacitus:
rev.
Altar
hybrid).
Own
collection.
20.
Magnia
Urbica.
Ashmolean
Museum.
Reverse
ypes:
Plate
III
1.
Weakened
ype:
rev.
Pax with
ransverse
ceptre.
Own
collection.
2. Unattributed
ype:
ev.
Male
figure.
olchester
ColchesterMuseum.
3.
Equestrian
igure.
olchester ColchesterMuseum.
4. Double obverse: etricus /TetricusI. Own collection.
5.
Dismembered everse.
erulamium
Own collection.
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Key to the Plates 43
Grades
of
opies:
6.
Grade
I,
large:
rev.Salus.
Corstopitum.
Corstopitum
useum.
7.
Grade
I,
minimus: ev.
Victory.
Obv.
die-identity
ith coin
from
Colchester Own collection.
8. Grade
II,
large:
rev.
Salus.
Corstopitum
Corstopitum
useum.
9.
Grade
II,
minimus: ev.
Female
figure.
erulamium.
Verulamium
Museum.
10. Grade III, large:rev.Male figure olding rident. orstopitum
Corstopitum
useum.
11.
Grade
III,
minimus: ev.Altar.
Verulamium
VerulamiumMuseum.
Overstrikes:
12.
Radiate
rev.
Altar)
n
ConstantinianVota"
coin.
Yorks
fMethley.
Own
collection.
13.
Radiate
(rev.
Dismembered)
n
"Victoriae
DD.
Auggq.
NN."
(c. 340). Corstopitum. Corstopitum useum.
Suggestedhronological
equence:
Plate
IV
1.
Contemporary
triking:
ev.
Laetitia.
Canterbury
Verulamium
Museum.
2.
Early
minimus:
ev.Female
figure.
olchester
Colchester
Museum.
3.
Late
3rd
or
early
th
century
triking?:
ev.
Pax,
radiate.
Own collection.
Note: the
radiate ax
is
exclusively
Carausian
ype.
4. Late 3rdor early thcenturyminimus: ev.Sol. Peterborough
Own
collection.
Note:
the
Carausian"
portrait
n the
obv.
and
the
Carausianmint-
mark
C)
on
the
rev.
5.
4th
century
triking?:
ev.
Pax,
radiate.
Own collection.
6.
Late
4th
or
early
5th
century
triking?:
ev.
Laetitia.Colchester
ColchesterMuseum.
Cp.
style
f ate
4th
century
E
.
7.
Late
minimus:
ev.
Man in
tunic.
Own collection.
8. "Sceatta-like"mitation: ev.Sol. Own collection.
Cp.
obv. of Pl.
IV.
14.
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44 Barbarous Radiates
9.
"Sceatta-like"
mitation: ev. Hilaritas.
Own
collection.
Cp.
obv.
of Pl.
IV.
15.
10.
"Sceatta-like"
mitation:
ev.
Salus?
Verulamium
Verulamium
Museum.
Cp.
Pl.
IV.
16
for
nner
ircle n
obv.
and
rev.
11.
"Sceatta-like"
mitation: ev.
Eagle.
Own
collection.
Cp.
obv.
of Pl.
IV.
17.
12.
"Sceatta-like"
mitation: ev. Man with
spear.
Obv.
and
rev.
die-
identities ith oin from
Richborough
oard. Own collection.
Cp.
obv.
of Pl.
IV.
18.
13.
"Un-
Roman" imitation:
ev.
Three
figures.
verstruck
n uncer-
tain
coin.
Own
collection.
Cp.
similar
ieces
rom
ichborough
adiatehoard.
Anglo-Saxon
oins:
14.
Sceatta Men
with
rosses Wolf-whorl.
Own collection.
Cp.
rev.
of Pl.
IV.
8.
15. Thrymsa Head/Cross.WarminsterWilts. BritishMuseum.
Cp.
obv. of Pl.
IV.
9.
1
6. Sceatta
Facing
head
/
Dragon.
Own
collection.
Cp.
circles
urrounding
ypes
n
Pl.
IV. 10.
17.
Sceatta
Degraded
head
/
Degraded
tandard.
Own
collection.
Cp.
rev.
of
Pl.
IV.
11.
18.
Sceatta
Radiatehead
/
Degraded
tandard.
Own
collection.
Cp.
obv.
of
Pl.
IV.
1
2.
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PLATE
ARBAROUS
ADIATES
MINIMUS FROM REDENHALL HOARD: 1. SEMI-BARBAROUS:2.
EXAMPLES
OF FLAN
MANUFACTURE: 3-12.
STYLISTIC
VARIETIES: 13-15,
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PLATE,
I
ARBAROUS
ADIATES
UNOFFICIAL MINT AT LONDON: 1. VARIETIES OF
LEGENDS: 2-4.
VARIETIES
OF TYPES: 5-9.
PORTRAITURE:
10-20.
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PLATE
IIARBAROUS
ADIATES
REVERSE TYPES: 1-5. GRADES OF , OPIES: 6-11.
OVERSTRIKES
12-13.
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PLATE V
ARBAROUS ADIATES
SUGGESTED CHRONOLOGICALSEQUENCE: 1-13.
ANGLO-SAXON:14-18.
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PUBLICATIONSF
THE AMERICAN
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
Broadway
t
156th
treet,
ew York
32,
N.
Y.
THE
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
OF NUMISMATICS
1866-1924
Vols.
-13:
Monthly,ay,
866-April,
879.
Vols.
4-46:
uarterly,
uly,
870-October,
9
2.
Vols.
7-53:
Annually,
913-1924.
Withmanylates,llustrations,apsndtables.he numbersecessaryocom-
plete
roken
ets
may,
n most
ases,
e
obtained. n
ndex
o the irst
ifty
ol-
umes as
been
ssued s
part
f
Volume
I. It
may
e
purchasedeparately
or
$3.00.
NUMISMATIC NOTES
AND
MONOGRAPHS
The
Numismatic
otes
nd
Monographs
s a
series evoted
o
essays
nd
trea-
tises n
subjectselating
o
coins,
aper
money,
edalsnddecorations.
os.
1-
109
nclusivere
pproximately
%
X
6%
inches
n
size.
Beginning
ith
No.
110
the ize s
6%
x
9
inches.
1.
Sydney
.
Noe.
Coin oards
192
.
47
pp.
6
pls.
0^.
2.
Edward
.
Newell.
ctobols
f
Histiaea
192
.
25
pp.
2
pls.
Out
f
print.
3.Edward . Newell. lexanderoards-ntroductionndKyparissiaoard1921.21
pp.
2
pls.
Out f
print.
4.
Howland
ood.The exican
evolutionaryoinage,
913-1916,
21.
4
pp.
6
ls.
Out f
print.
5.
Leonidas
estervelt.
he
enny
ind
Medals
nd
T okens
192
.
25
pp.
9
pls.
Out
f
print.
6.
Agnes
aldwin.
iveRoman oldMedallions
1921.
03
p.
8
pls.
1.50.
7.
Sydney
.
Noe.
Medallic
ork
f
A
A Weinman
192
.
31
pp.
17
pls.
Out
f
rint.
8.
Gilbert. Perez. heMint
f
he
hilippine
slands,
92
.
8
pp.
4
pls.
Out
f
rint.
9.
David
ugene
mith,
L.D.
Computing
etons.
92
.
70
pp.
25
pls.
1.50.
10.
Edward
.
Newell.
he irst
eleucid
oinage
f
Tyre.
92
.
40
pp.
8
pls.
Out
f
print.
11.Harrold. GillinghamFrenchrdersnd ecorations.922. o pp. 5pls.Out f
print.
12.
Howland
ood.
Gold
ollars
f
858.
922.
pp.
2
pls.
Out
f
print.
13.
R.
B.
Whitehead.
re-
ohammedan
oinage
f
N.
W.
ndia.
922.
6
pp.
15
pls.
Out
f
print.
14.
George
.
Hill.
Attambelos
of
Charcene.
922.
2
pp.
3
pls.
Out
f
print.
15.
M. P. Vlasto.
aras
ikistes
A
Contribution
o arentine
umismatics).
922.
34
p.
13
pls.
3.50.
16.
Howland
ood. ommemorative
oinage
f
he
nited
tates.
922.
3
pp.
pls.
Out
of
print.
17.
Agnes
aldwin.ix
Romanronxe edallions
1923. 9
pp.
6
pls.
1.50.
18.
Howland
ood.
egucigalpa
oinage
f
823
1923.
6
pp.
2
pls.
0^.
19.Edward
.
Newell.
lexander
oards-I.
Demanhur
oard.
923.
62
p.
8
pls.$2.50.
20.
Harrold
.
Gillingham.
talian rders
f
hivalry
ndMedals
f
Honor.
923.
46
pp.
34
pls.
Out
f
print.
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21.Edward . Newell.lexanderoards-II.Andritaetta.924. 9pp. pls. 1.00.
22.
C. T. Seltman.
Hoard
rom
ide.
924.
0
pp.
3
pls.
Out
f
print.
23.
R.
B.
Seager.
Cretanoin
oard.
924.
5
pp.
12
pls.
2.00.
24.
Samuel . Milbank.he
Coinage
f
Aegina.
925.
6
pp.
5
pls.
2.00.
25.
Sydney
.
Noe.
A
Bibliography
f
Greekoin
oards.
925.
75
pp.
$2.50.
26.
Edward
.
Newell.
ithradates
f
arthia
nd
Hyspaosines
f
Characene.
925.
8
pp.
2
pls.
50^.
27.
Sydney
.
Noe.
TheMende
Kaliandra)
oard.
926.
3
pp.
10
pls.
2.00.
28.
Agnes
aldwin.
ourMedallions
rom
he rras
oard.
926.
6
pp.
4
pls.
$1.50.
29.
H. Alexanderarsons.he arliestoins
f
Norway.
926.
1
pp.
1
pl.
50^.
30.
Edward
.
Newell.
ome
npublished
oins
f
astern
ynasts.
92
.
21
pp.
2
pls.
5°¿31.Harrold. Gillingham.panishrdersf hivalryndDecorationsfHonor.92.
16
pp.
40
pls.
3.00.
32.
Sydney
.
Noe.The
Coinage
f
Metapontum.
Part
).
1927.
34
p.
23
pls.
3.00.
33.
Edward
.
Newell.
woRecent
gyptian
oards-
elta ndKeneh.
927.
4
pp.
3
pls.
1.00.
34.
Edward
ogers.
he
econd
ndThird
eleucid
oinage
f
yre.
927.
3
pp. pls.
$1.50.
35.
Alfred .
Bellinger.
he
Anonymous
yxantine
ronxe
oinage.
928.
7
pp.
4
pls.
$1.50.
36.
Harrold.
Gillingham.
otesn he ecorationsndMedals
f
he rencholonies
and
Protectorates.
928.
2
pp.
31
pls.
2.00.
37.
Oscar
avel.
he
Co/fr
f
Ambracia.
928.
80
p.
19
pls.
$3.00.
38.Howland ood.T^Coinagef heMexicanevolutionists.928.3pp. 5 ls. 2.50.
39.
Edward
.
Newell.
lexander
oards-V.
Olympia.
929.
1
pp.
9
pls.
1.50.
40.
Allen . West.
ifth
nd
Fourth
entury
old oins
rom
he
hracian
oast.
929.
183
p.
16
pls.
3.00.
41.
Gilbert
.
Perez. he
eper
olony
urrency
f
Culion.
929.
0
pp.
3
pls.
0^.
42.
Alfred
.
Bellinger.
wo
Hoards
f
Attic ronz*
oins.
930.
4
pp.
4
pls. 0^.
43.
D. H. Cox.The
CapareUi
oard.
930.
4
pp.
2
pls. 0^.
44.
Geo.
. Hill.On
he oins
f
Narbonensisith
berian
nscriptions.
930. 9
pp. pls.
$1.00.
45.
Bauman. Beiden.
Mint
n
NewYork.
930.
0
pp.
4
pls.
0^.
46.
Edward
.
Newell.
he
Küchük
öhneoard.
931.
3
pp.
4
plsģ
1.00.
47.Sydney. Noe.TheCoinagefMetapontum.art I. 193 .134 p.43pls. 3.00.
48.
D. W.
Valentine.
he
Unitedtates
alf
Dimes.
93
.
79
pp.
47
pls.
5.00.
49.
Alfred
.
Bellinger.
wo
Romanoards
rom
ura-Europos.
93
.
66
pp.
17
pls.
$1.50.
50.
Geo.F.
Hill.Notes
n
heAncient
oinage
f
Hispania
iterior.
93
.
196
pp.
36
double
ls.
4.00.
51.
AlanW.
Hazelton.he
Russian
mperial
rders.
932.
02
p.
20
pls.
3.00.
52.
O. Ravel.
orinthian
oards
Corinth
nd
Arta). 932.
7
pp.
4
pls.
1.00.
53.Jean
. Cammann.he
ymbols
n taters
f
orinthian
ype
.
A
Catalogue).
932.
0
pp.
14
double
ls.
3.00.
54.
Shirley
. Weber.
n
gyptian
oard
f
he econd
entury
.
D.
1932.
1
pp. pls.
$1.50.
55.Alfred.Bellinger.he hirdnd ourthuraHoards.932. 5pp.20pls. 1.50.
56.
Harrold
.
Gillingham.
outhmerican
ecorations
nd
War
Medals.
932.
78
p.
35
pls.
3.00.
57.
Wm.
ampbell.
reek
ndRomanlated oins.
933.
26
pp. 190+pls.
3.50.
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58.E. T. Newell.he ifthuraHoard. 933. 4pp.2pls. 1.00.
59.
Dģ
H.
Cox.
The
ripolis
oard.
933.
1
pp.
8
pls.
maps.
1.50.
60.
E.
T.
Newell.
wo
Hoards
rom
intumo.
933.
8
pp.
5
pls.
1.00.
61.
Howland
ood. he
Gampola
arin oard.
934.
4
pp.
10
double
ls.
3.00.
62.
J.
G. Milne.
heMelos oard
f
907.
934. 9
pp.
1
pl.
$1.00.
<63.
. F.
Pradeau.heMexican
ints
f
Alamos
nd
Hermosilla.
934.
3
pp.
llus.
pls.
1.50.
64.
E.
T. Newell.
Hoard
rom
iphnos.
934.
7
pp.
1
pl.
50^.
65.
C. H.
V.
Sutherland.
omano-Britishmitations
f
ronze
oins
f
Claudius.
1935.
35
pp.
8 double
ls.
2.00.
66. Harrold.
Gillingham.
phemeral
ecorations.
935.
0
pp.
11
pls.
2.00.
67.Sawyer
cA.Mosser.
Bibliographyf yzantine
oin oards.
935.
6
pp. 1.50.68.Edward. Newell.'ve reekronzeoin oards.
935.
7
pp.
double
ls.
2.00.
69.
Alfred.
Bellinger.
he ixthSeventh
nd
Tenth
ura
Hoards.
935.
5
pp.
5
pls.
$1.00.
70.
Frederick.
Waage.
reekronze
oins
rom
Well
t
Megara.
935.
2
pp.
3
pls.
$1.00.
71.
Sydney
.
Noe.
The huriani-Staters.
935.
8
pp.
11double
ls.
2.00.
72.
John
Walker.
he
Coinage
f
he econd
affarid
ynasty
n
Sistan.
936.
6
pp.
4
double
ls.
1.00.
73.
Edward
.
Newell.
he
eleucid
oinage
f
Tyre.
936.
4
pp.
5 pls.
1.00.
74.
Margaret
rosby
nd
mily
race.
nAchaean
eague
oard.
936.
4
pp.
4
pls.
$1.50.
75.Agnesaldwin
rett.
ictory
ssues
f yracusefter13
B. C.
1936.pp. pls. 0^.
76.
Edward . Newell.he
ergamene
int nder hiletaerus.
936.
4
pp.
10
pls.
$2.50.
77.
Charles.
Torrey.
ramaic
raffiti
n oins
f
emanhur.
937.
3
pp.
2
pls.
1.00.
78.
Sydney
.
Noe.
A
Bibliography
f
Greek
oin
oards.
Second
dition).
937.
62
p.
$4.°°.
79.
Naphtali
ewis.
Hoard
f
olles
rom
eltz
Alsace).
937.
1
pp.
5
pls.
2.00.
So. Harold
Mattingly
ndW. P. D.
Stebbing.
he
Richborough
oard
f
Radiates*
193I'
1938.
18
p.
15
pls.
2.50.
81.Alfred
.
Bellinger.
oins
rom
erash.
928-1934.
938.
41
p.
9
pls.
2.50.
£2.Edward
.
Newell.
iscellanea
umismatica
Cyrene
o ndia.
938.
01
p.
6
pls.
$2.00.
53.DavidM. Bullowa.
he
Commemorativeoinagef
he
United
tates
892-1938.1938. 92
p.
10
pls.
2.50.
54.
Edward
.
Newell.
ate
eleucid
ints
nAke-Ptolemais
nd
Damascus.
939.
07
pp.
17
pls.
2.00.
55.
Alfred .
Bellinger.
he
ighth
nd
Ninth
ura
Hoards.
939.
2
pp.
13
pls.
2.00.
86.
Harrold.
Gillingham.
ounterfeiting
nColonial
ennsylvania
1939.
2
pp.
2
pls.
$1.00.
87.
George
.
Miles.
Byzantine
eight
alidated
y
l-
Walid.
939.
1
pp.
1
pl.
50^.
S8.
Jaime
onzalez.
Puerto
ican
ounterstamp
1940.
1
pp.
2
pls.
1.00.
$9.
Harrold.
Gillingham.
exican
ecorations
f
Honour.
940.
3
pp.
17
pls.
2.00.
90.
Donald
.
Brown.
emples
f
Rome
s
Coin
ypes.
940.
1
pp.
9
pls.
1.50.
91.
Eunice
Work.
he
arly
taters
f
Heracleaucaniae.
940.
0
pp.
8
pls.
2.00.
92.D. H.Cox.A T rsusoinollectionn he danaMuseum.941.7pp.
12
ls. 2.00.
93.
Herbert. Ives.
oreign
mitations
f
he
nglish
oble.
941.
6
pp.
5
pls.
1.50.
94.
Louis
. West.
old
nd
ilver
oin
tandards
n
he
oman
mpire.
941.
99
p.
$1.50.
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95»Arthur. Mcllvaine.he ilver ollarsf he nitedtatesfAmerica1941. 6
pp.
folded
l.
$1.00.
96.
J.
G.
Milne.
ohphon
nd ts
Coinage.Study
1941.
13
p.
19
double
ls.
2.50.
97.
Sawyer
cA.Mosser.
he ndicott
ift
f
Greek
nd
Roman
oins.
941
65
pp.
9
pls.
1.50.
98.
Edgar
rskine
ume. heMedals
f
he nited
tates
rmy
edical
epartment
nd
Medals
onoring
rmy
edical
fficers.
942.
46
p.
23
pls.
3.00.
99.
Phares
.
Sigler.
ycee
ilver.
943.
7
pp.
6
pls.
1.00.
100.
ydney
. Noe. he
astine
eposit:
n
Americanoard.
942.
7
pp. pls.
1.00.
101.H. F.
Bowker.
Numismatic
ibliography
f
he ar
East.
943.
44
p.
$1.50.
102.
ydney
.
Noe.
heNew
ngland
ndWillvuoTree
oinages
f
Massachusetts
1943.
56pp.
1
pls.
3.00.
103.NaiChiChang.n nscribedhinesengotf he IICentury.D.1944.pp. pls.
*o|í-
104.
George
.
McKay.
arly
merican
urrency
1944.
5
pp.
27
pls.
Out
f
print.
105.
dward
.
Newell.
he
Byzantine
oard
f
Lagbe.
945.
2
pp.
8
pls.
1.00.
106.
James
. Risk. ritishrders
nd
Decorations
1945.
24
p.
76
pls.
4.00.
107.
luma
.
Trell.
he
emple
f
Artemist
Ephesos.
945.
1
pp.
28
pls.
2.00.
108.Karel . Castelin.
he
Coinage
f
Rhesaenan
Mesopotamia
1946.
1
pp.
17
pls.
$2.00.
109.
Aline
.
Boyce.
oins
f
ingi
ith atin
egends
1947.
7
pp.
5
pls.
1.00.
no.
Sydney
.
Noe.
The
ak
ree
oinage
f
Massachusetts.
947.
3
pp.
10
pls.
1.50.
iii.
George
.
Miles.
arly
rab
lass
Weights
nd
tamps.
948.
68
p.
14
ls.
5.00.
MUSEUM NOTES
The American umismatic
ociety
useum
otes
s
a
publication
onsisting
principally
fbrief
otes
nd
papers
n temsn the
Society's
ollections.
I
1946.
106
p.
23
pls.
II
-
1947.
118
p.
19
pls.
$1.50
ach
III
-
-1948.
154
p.
26
pls.
$5.00.
NUMISMATIC
STUDIES
This series ccommodatesorks ffull
ook
ength,
%
X
10
%
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he
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he astern
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ochusII.
1938.
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6.00.
2.
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.
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f
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$4.00.
3.
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16
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ith
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non-members
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