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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 1
Japanese verb conjugations and adjectivedeclensionsThis is a list of Japanese verb and adjective conjugations. Almost all of these are regular, but the conjugations of the
very few irregular verbs are also listed. Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person ("I","we"), second person ("you") and third person ("he/she/it" and "they"), singular and plural. The plain form of all
verbs ends in u. In modern Japanese, there are no verbs, at least in the plain form, ending in zu , fu, pu , or yu , and ( , shinu ; to die) is the only one ending in nu .
A revision sheet visually summarizing the
conjugations and uses described below.
Imperfective
In Japanese, the basic verb form is imperfective aspect. It is broadly
equivalent to the present and future tenses of English, and is sometimes
called the "non-past tense". The imperfective form of a verb is the
same as its dictionary form — it is used as the headword, orlemma — and no conjugation needs to be done. For example, using the
verb ("do"):
• ( ) (watashi wa) kaimono o suru : "(I) shop", or
"(I) will shop". (Japanese pronouns are usually omitted when it is
clear about whom the speaker is talking.)
• ( ) (watashi wa) ashita benkyō suru : "Tomorrow, (I) will study".
In most cases, the base form of the imperfective aspect cannot be used to indicate one's current state, such as in the
English sentence "I am shopping". Rather, it can only be used to express habit or other actions that are expected to
continue into the future, such as in "I shop". To convey the former, the te form with iru must be used.
PerfectiveThe perfective aspect, on the other hand, has a specific suffix. The basic pattern is the -ta (or -da ) ending, but various
phonetic changes are made, depending on the verb's last syllable. The perfective is broadly equivalent to English past
tense, and is often called past tense in treatments of Japanese grammar, but it is not restricted to any one time:
Basu ga ki-ta ato de, ik-ō?
bus NOM come-PFV after AT, go-VOL
"After the bus comes (perfective), shall we leave?"
Type of verb Perfective Examples Perfective
Irregular verbs
suru (do) shita (none others)
kuru (come) kita (none others)
iku (go) itta (none others)
irassharu (polite)
irasshatta irashita
[1]
(none others)
masu stem - -mashita ikimasu (go) ikimashita
Regular verbs
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 2
u - -tta tsukau (use) tsukatta
u (See Usage) - -uta , -ota tou (ask) tōta
ku - -ita yaku (grill) yaita
gu - -ida oyogu (swim) oyoida
su - -shita shimesu (show) shimeshita
tsu - -tta matsu (wait) matta
nu - -nda shinu (die) shinda
bu - -nda yobu (call) yonda
mu - -nda yomu (read) yonda
ru (consonant stem) - -tta hashiru (run) hashitta
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ita , - -eta kigaeru (change clothes) kigaeta
Adjectives
i adjective - -katta yasui (cheap) yasukatta
na adjective - -datta kantan (easy) kantan datta
Usage
Note that the perfective conjugation for verbs ending in - more commonly follows the second pattern listed above
for speakers of Western Japanese. The in the perfective ending - may be pronounced either as an u or as an
o depending on the preceding vowel, according to regular Japanese phonological rules. Consequently, in Kansai, one
may hear forms such as tsukau → tsukōta , or iu → iuta .[2]
Usage of the perfective aspect follows the same pattern as the imperfective aspect. For example, nihon
ni iku (I go to Japan) becomes nihon ni itta (I went to Japan).
• Non-exhaustive list of actions (like A B is used for non-exhaustive lists of objects): hon o yondari, terebi o mitari shita (I read a book, watched TV, etc.)
NegativeThe basic pattern is u becomes anai (informal).
Type Negative Examples Negative
Irregular verbs
suru (do) shinai
( sanai )
benkyō suru (study) aisuru (love)
benkyō shinai aisanai
kuru (come) konai
aru (be, exist) nai
da de wa nai ja nai
masu stem - -masen ikimasu (go) ikimasen
Regular verbs
u - -wanai tsukau (use) tsukawanai
ku - -kanai yaku (grill) yakanai
gu - -ganai oyogu (swim) oyoganai
su - -sanai shimesu (show) shimesanai
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 3
tsu - -tanai matsu (wait) matanai
nu - -nanai shinu (die) shinanai
bu - -banai yobu (call) yobanai
mu - -manai yomu (read) yomanai
ru (consonant stem) - -ranai hashiru (run) hashiranai
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -inai , - -enai kigaeru (change clothes) kigaenai
Adjectives
i adjectives - -kunai itai (painful) itakunai
na adjectives - -de wa nai
- -ja nai
kantan (simple) kantan de wa
nai kantan ja nai
• The nai ending conjugates in two ways.
1. As an i adjective. For example the past tense of tabenai is tabenakatta and the te
form is tabenakute .2. There is a special te form made by adding de . For example, tabenaide . This is used, for
example, in tabenaide kudasai : "Please don't eat (this)".
i formThe i form, or ren'yōkei , is very regular, and in almost all cases it is formed by replacing the u with i (and making
any necessary phonetic changes: su to shi , and tsu to chi ).
Type i form Examples i form
Irregular verbs
suru (do) shi benkyō suru benkyō shi
kuru ki
ru (polite verbs) - -i gozaru gozai
da de ari
Regular verbs
u - -i tsukau (use) tsukai
ku - -ki yaku (grill) yaki
gu - -gi oyogu (swim) oyogi
su - -shi shimesu (show) shimeshi
tsu - -chi matsu (wait) machi
nu - -ni shinu (die) shini
bu - -bi yobu (call) yobi
mu - -mi yomu (read) yomi
ru (consonant stem) - -ri hashiru (run) hashiri
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -i, - -e kigaeru (change clothes) kigae
• The rule for polite verbs ending in ru applies to the consonant-stem honorific verbs irassharu , ossharu , kudasaru , gozaru , and nasaru , which have irregular i forms.
They are formed by replacing the ru with simply i, instead of ri .
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 4
Usage
The i form has many uses, typically as a prefix. These include:
• To form polite verbs when followed by the - -masu ending: iku → ikimasu , tsukau→ tsukaimasu .
• To express a wish when followed by the ending tai : tabetai : "I want to eat it", ikitai :
"I want to go". (The tai ending conjugates as an i adjective.)• To express a strong negative intention when followed by - -wa shinai :
iki wa shinai yo, anna tokoro "no way I'm going someplace like that".• To form a command when followed by
• - -nasai : kore o tabenasai : "eat this", asoko e ikinasai : "go
over there".
• - -na : massugu kaerina "go straight home": nakayoku asobina "play nice".
(Used with children, etc.)
• To express that something is easy or hard when followed by - -yasui or - -nikui :
shitashimiyasui : "easy to befriend": wakarinikui : "hard to understand".
• To express excessiveness when followed by the verb - -sugiru : nomisugiru : "to drink too
much". ( sugiru can also be used with the stems of adjectives.)
• To express doing something in conjunction with something else . When followed by the suffix -
-nagara , the verb becomes an adverb that means doing something while doing something else.
• arukinagara hon o yonda : "I read a book as I walked."
• When followed by the verb - - yagaru in yakuza speech, to express affronted contempt (a conjugation of
opposite polarity to the honorifics) showing disrespect in the form of hatred combined with haughty/macho
disdain for the doer/subject of the action/verb: koroshiyagaru : "to have the <expletive> gall to kill
<sbdy>" [e.g. --without my permission]. (The te form can be substituted for the i form.)
The i form also has some uses on its own, such as:• To express purpose , with ni : tabe ni ikimashita : "I went there to eat".
• In formal honorifics such as o tsukai kudasai : "Please use this".• In conjunctions in formal writing.
For some verbs, the i form also forms part of related words in ways that are not governed by any general rules. For
example:
• The i form of taberu (to eat) can prefix mono to form tabemono (food). Similarly with
nomu (to drink) and kau (to buy).
• The i form of kakeru (to bet) is a word on its own: kake , which means "a bet".
• hanasu (to separate) can be suffixed to the i form of kiru (to cut) to form kirihanasu (to cut off).
Te formThe te form of a Japanese verb (sometimes called the "participle") is used when the verb has some kind of
connection to the following words. For all verbs, it is formed by changing the - a of the past to - e. Adjectives behave
slightly differently.
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 5
Type Becomes Examples Te form
Irregular verbs
suru (do) shite aisuru (to love) aishite
kuru (come) kite
iku (go) itte
tou (ask) tōte kou (request) kōte
irassharu (polite)
irasshatte irashite
- -masu stem - -mashite akemasu (open) akemashite
Regular verbs
u - -tte tsukau (use) tsukatte
ku - -ite yaku (grill) yaite
gu - -ide oyogu (swim) oyoide
su - -shite shimesu (show) shimeshite
tsu - -tte matsu (wait) matte
nu - -nde shinu (die) shinde
bu - -nde yobu (call) yonde
mu - -nde yomu (read) yonde
ru - -tte hashiru (run) hashitte
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ite , - -ete kigaeru (change clothes) kigaete
Adjectives i adjective - -kute yasui (cheap) yasukute
na adjective - -de kantan (simple) kantan de
Usage
• As a simple command:
• Tabete : "Eat."
• Yonde : "Read."
• In requests with kure and kudasai .
•
: "Please read the book."• With the verbs :
• iru : It means "to be doing". For example: matte iru : "I am waiting". This is also used in
some situations where the English equivalent does not use "to be doing". For example: shitte iru :
"I know", motte iru : "I have", koko ni sunde iru : "I live here". Colloquially,
in this form the "i" often disappears, so matte iru becomes matteru and
shitte iru becomes shitteru .
• oku : It means "to do in advance". obentō o tsukutte oita : "I've made a boxed
lunch (for later)". Colloquially, in this form the "e" often disappears, so tsukutte oita becomes tsukuttoita .
• aru : This forms a kind of passive when used with a transitive verb. koko nimoji ga kaite aru : "There are some characters written here". It shows that something was left in a certain state.
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 6
Contrast to "kaite iru", "I am writing", which applies to the person doing the writing rather than
what is written.
• shimau : This implies something is completed or done, usually unintentionally or accidentally or
unexpectedly and sometimes expressing that the action is contrary to right or correct action: katazukete shimatta : "I have finished tidying". It can also suggest a regrettable situation:
watashi no kagi ga kiete shimatta : "My keys have disappeared".
The form te shimau is shortened to the very very commonly used and casual chimau or chau with the same consonant doubling as the te form. For example, "I forgot my mobile phone!":
"keitai wasurechatta!" " " The de shimau form is shortened to jau or
jimau in colloquial speech.
• miru : It means "to try doing".
• iku : Can express continuous action or a change of state in the future.
• kuru : Can express continuous action or a change of state in the past.• To combine clauses or adjectives, as if by the English conjunction "and". For example:
• yakkyoku e itte, kusuri o kau : "(I am going to) go to the pharmacy and buy medicine."
• ano hito wa shinsetsu de, atama ga yokute, wakariyasui : "Thatperson is kind, smart, and easy to understand."
• yasukute ii ne : "It's good that it's cheap." (lit. "Being cheap, it is good.")• With particles in formations such as
• te wa ikenai : "You must not ...". For example, tabete wa ikenai : "You
must not eat this". (Other words of prohibition, such as dame , can be substituted for ikenai .)
• te mo ii : "You may do/It's ok if you do". For example, tabete mo ii : "You may eat
it".
• te mo kamawanai : "You may do/I don't mind if you do"
• te hoshii : "I want you to do (for me)"
• te sumimasen : "Sorry for making you go through all this trouble"
PotentialThe general pattern is u becomes eru .
Type Potential Examples Potential
Irregular verbs
suru dekiru
( serareru )
( seru )
benkyō suru sassuru (guess) aisuru (love)
benkyō
dekiru sasserareru
aiseru
kuru korareru koreru
aru ariuru , arieru
Regular verbs
u - -eru tsukau (use) tsukaeru
ku - -keru yaku (grill) yakeru
gu - -geru oyogu (swim) oyogeru
su - -seru shimesu (show) shimeseru
tsu - -teru matsu (wait) materu
nu - -neru shinu (die) shineru
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 7
bu - -beru yobu (call) yoberu
mu - -meru yomu (read) yomeru
ru (consonant stem) - -reru hashiru (run) hashireru
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -irareru ,
-erareru
- -ireru , - -ereru
kigaeru (change clothes)
kigaerareru
kigaereru
Usage
The potential is used to express that one has the ability to do something. Direct objects are marked with the particle ga instead of o. For example nihongo ga yomeru : "I can read Japanese".
It is also used to request some action from someone, in the exact sense of the English "Can you ... ?" For example koohii kaeru? : "Can (you) buy (some) coffee?" However, sometimes in English "Will
you...?" and "Can you ... ?" is used interchangeably to make requests. Though it is possible in Japanese, koohii kau? , it is very casual and might also mean simply "Are you buying/Will you buy
coffee?" in very dry factual sense.
Unlike in English, the potential is not often used to express permission (as in the sentence "Can I eat this apple?") as
it is almost always unders tood to mea n "Do I have the ability to eat this apple?":
kono ringo ga taberareru? . And since the -reru form is more often used in speech than the more correct passive
potential form -rareru, and subjects are often implied in Japanese, it may implicitly be asking (in this case) if the
apple is edible. So, to seek permission, a more polite form is used, such as the te mo ii or more casual "te ii"" usage of the te form, resulting in something literally more like "Is eating this apple OK?"
Kono ringo o tabete mo ii desu ka? or Kono ringo o tabete ii? .
The potential ru ending conjugates as a vowel stem verb.
CausativeThe causative forms are characterized by the final u becoming aseru for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming
saseru for vowel stem verbs.
Type Causative Examples Causative
Irregular verbs
suru (do) saseru kanben suru kanben saseru
kuru (come) kosaseru
Regular verbs
u - -waseru tsukau (use) tsukawaseru
ku - -kaseru yaku (grill) yakaseru
gu - -gaseru oyogu (swim) oyogaseru
su - -saseru shimesu (show) shimesaseru
tsu - -taseru matsu (wait) mataseru
nu - -naseru shinu (die) shinaseru
bu - -baseru yobu (call) yobaseru
mu - -maseru yomu (read) yomaseru
ru (consonant stem) - -raseru hashiru (run) hashiraseru
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 8
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -isaseru , - -esaseru kigaeru kigaesaseru
Adjectives and negatives
i adjectives - -ku saseru samui (cold) samuku saseru
na adjectives - -ni saseru shizuka (quiet) shizuka ni saseru
• The ru ending of the causative form becomes the new verb ending. This conjugates as a vowel stem verb.• Negatives are not normally made into causatives. Instead, a negative ending is added to the causative of the verb.
Thus, for example, Tabesasenai : "Do not let eat".
• Adjectives are made causative by using the adverb form plus saseru .
• A shortened causative form exists where the final u becoming asu for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming
sasu for vowel stem verbs.
Usage
The causative is used for:
• Making someone do something: shukudai o saseru : "(I) make (him) do homework".
• Letting someone do something: soto de asobaseru : "(I) let (him) play outside".• With explicit actors: sensei ga kodomo ni benkyō o saseta : "The teacher made the
children study."
• The honorific forms sasete morau or sasete itadaku using the verbs morau or its
humble equivalent itadaku .
Causative passiveThe causative passive form is obtained by first conjugating in the causative form and then conjugating the result in
the passive form. Usage As its rule suggests, the causative passive is used to express causation passively: ryōshin ni benkyō saserareru : "(I) am made to study by (my) parents".
Because words such as mataserareru are considered to be difficult to pronounce, frequently in
colloquial speech, the middle part of the causative passive would contract. That is, mataserareru (I
was made to wait), would become matasareru . Another example such as "(I) was made to buy
(something)" would formally be kawaserareta from the verb kau , but colloquially, it is
frequently contracted to kawasareta . This abbreviation is not used for Ichidan verbs ('ru' verbs), nor for
the irregular suru and kuru .
Conditional eba form (provisional)The eba conditional form is characterized by the final -u becoming -eba for all verbs (with the semi-exception of -tsu
verbs becoming -teba ).
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 9
Type Conditional Examples Conditional
Irregular verbs
suru sureba kanben suru kanben sureba
kuru kureba
da (copula) de areba
Regular verbs
u - -eba tsukau (use) tsukaeba
ku - -keba yaku (grill) yakeba
gu - -geba oyogu (swim) oyogeba
su - -seba shimesu (show) shimeseba
tsu - -teba matsu (wait) mateba
nu - -neba shinu (die) shineba
bu -
-beba
yobu (call)
yobeba
mu - -meba yomu (read) yomeba
ru (consonant stem) - -reba hashiru (run) hashireba
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -ireba , - -ereba kigaeru (change clothes) kigaereba
Adjectives and negatives
i adjectives - -kereba samui samukereba
na adjectives - -de areba kantan kantan de areba
nai (negative) - -nakereba ikanai ikanakereba
• na adjectives and nouns are usually used with the nara conditional, instead of with de areba .• The nakereba form used for the negative form can be colloquially contracted to nakya or
nakucha . Thus ikanakereba can become ikanakya .
Usage
The eba conditional form is used in conditionals . For example:
• nani sureba ii ka : "What should I do?" (lit. "It would be good if I did what?")
• wakareba ii : "As long as you understand" (lit. "If you understand, it is good.")
• jikan ga areba, kaimono wo shiyō : "If there's time, let's go shopping."
The nakereba negative conditional form means "if not X" or also "unless X". It is obtained by replacing the final -i
of the plain negative form with -kereba . ( tabenakereba : "if I don't eat" or "unless I eat")The conditional is also called the "provisional form" in some grammars, because the implied condition is "provided
that X happens" ( mireba shiru : "provided that you see, you'll know" = "if you see, you'll know").
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 10
Conditional ra formThe conditional ra form is formed from the past tense by simply adding ra . ba can be further added to that, which
makes it more formal.
Usage
The conditional ra form can be used in the same way as the conditional eba form. However, it can also be used to
mean more like "if and when", and it is typically preferred over the eba form when this meaning is more accurate.
For example:
• nihon ni ittara, kamera wo kaitai : "If I go to Japan, then (when that has
happened) I want to buy a camera."
The conditional ra form can also be used when the main clause is in the past tense. In such situations, it means
"when", and carries the additional implication that the result was unexpected. For example:
• kissaten ni ittara, Suzuki-san ni deatta : "When I went to the cafe, I
came across( deatta ) Suzuki."
ImperativeMost of the imperative forms are characterized by the final u becoming e.
Type Becomes Examples Imperative
Irregular verbs
suru shiro seyo
( se)
kanben suru aisuru (love)
kanben shiro kanben seyo
aise
kuru koi
ru (polite verbs) - -i irassharu nasaru
irasshai nasai
kureru kure
masu stem - -mase irasshaimasu (come, go) irasshaimase
da (copula) de are
Regular verbs
u - -e tsukau (use) tsukae
ku - -ke yaku (grill) yake
gu - -ge oyogu (swim) oyoge
su - -se shimesu (show) shimese
tsu - -te matsu (wait) mate
nu -ne shinu (die) shine
bu - -be yobu (call) yobe
mu -me yomu (read) yome
ru (consonant stem) - -re hashiru (run) hashire
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -iro , - -iyo
- -ero , - -eyo
kigaeru (change clothes) kigaero kigaeyo
• The rule for polite verbs ending in ru applies to the consonant-stem honorific verbs irassharu , ossharu , kudasaru ,gozaru , and nasaru , whose imperative forms are the same as their irregular i forms.
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 11
Usage
The imperative form is used
• in orders , such as in the military, or to inferiors, or in textbook exercises,
• in set phrases such as nani shiro : "no matter what".
• in reported speech , where a polite request may be reported using a plain imperative: kashite kudasai (direct) kase
to iwareta (he told me to lend it to him).
PassiveThe general pattern for the passive voice is u becomes areru .
Type Passive Examples Passive
Irregular verbs
suru sareru benkyō suru (study) benkyō sareru
kuru (come) korareru
Regular verbs
u - -wareru tsukau (use) tsukawareru
ku - -kareru yaku (grill) yakareru
gu - -gareru oyogu (swim) oyogareru
su - -sareru shimesu (show) shimesareru
tsu - -tareru matsu (wait) matareru
nu - -nareru shinu (die) shinareru
bu -bareru yobu (call) yobareru
mu -
-mareru
yomu (read)
yomareru
ru (consonant stem) - -rareru hashiru (run) hashirareru
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -irareru , - -erareru kigaeru (change clothes) kigaerareru
• The ru ending of the passives becomes the new verb ending. This conjugates as a vowel stem verb. Thus past, te , or polite forms can all be added to the verb.
• The copula, da, does not form a passive.
• For the masu form, the masu is added to the passive of the plain verb.
Usage
The passive is used:
• as a passive : kono terebi wa Toshiba ni yotte tsukurareta : "This TV was
made by Toshiba."
• as a suffering passive , indicating that a regrettable thing was done to someone:
watashi wa tomodachi ni biiru o nomareta : "I had (my) beer drunken by a friend" (and I am not happy about it).
• as a form of honorific : dochira e ikaremasu ka : "Where are you going?"
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 12
Volitional (Presumptive)
Type Volitional Examples Volitional
Irregular verbs
suru (do) shiyō
( sō )
benkyō suru (study)
aisuru (love)
benkyō shiyō
aisō
kuru (come) koyō
da (copula) darō
masu stem - -mashō ikimasu (go, polite) ikimashō
Regular verbs
u - -ō tsukau (use) tsukaō
ku - -kō yaku (grill) yakō
gu - -gō oyogu (swim) oyogō
su - -sō shimesu (show) shimesō
tsu - -tō matsu (wait) matō
nu - -nō shinu (die) shinō
bu - -bō yobu (call) yobō
mu - -mō yomu (read) yomō
ru (consonant stem) - -rō hashiru (run) hashirō
iru , eru (vowel stem) - -iyō , - -eyō kigaeru (change clothes) kigaeyō
Adjectives and negatives
i adjective - -karō chikai (near) chikakarō
na adjectives - -darō suki (liked) suki darō
nai (negative) - -nakarō mienai (invisible) mienakarō
Usage
In general, the volitional form expresses intention, such as in these cases:
• In volitional ("let's" or "I shall") statements: benkyō shiyō : "Let's study" or "I shall study".
• To ask volitional ("shall we") questions: ikō ka : "Shall (we) go?"
• To express what one is thinking of doing, via omou : kaō to omou : "(I) am thinking of
buying (it)".
• In the form shiyō to suru : be about to or be trying to . Inu ga hoeyōto shite iru : "The dog is about to bark."
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Japanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions 13
References[1] Herr, John (http://web. as. ua. edu/nihongo/verb_table_roomaji. htm) Nihongo Web. University of Alabama. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
[2] " ‘ ’ - ( ) - goo [What is the past tense of "tou"? - Other (Lit. & Edu.) - Tell Me!
goo]" (http://oshiete. goo. ne. jp/qa/294677.html) (in Japanese). 2002/06/18. . Retrieved 2011-01-19.
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External links• Step-by-step lessons on learning various usages (http://www. timwerx. net/language/jpverbs/index. htm)
• Japanese Verb Conjugator (http://www. japaneseverbconjugator. com/), online tool giving all forms for any
verb
• Aeron Buchanan's Japanese Verb Chart (http://www.respectthebeard.com/japanese/), a concise summary of
all Japanese verb conjugations on one sheet of A4
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Article Sources and Contributors 14
Article Sources and ContributorsJapanese verb conjugations and adjective declensions Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=416241738 Contributors : AdiJapan, Anarch21, Andycjp, BiT, Blackrabbit, Bse3,Bueller 007, Chortos-2, Cloneofsnake, DannyWilde, DocWatson42, Dolda2000, Dookama, Eirikr, FilipeS, FinalZero, Furl, Furrykef, Gaijin74, Hayson1991, Hippietrail, Holizz, Istaro,Jaypunkrawk, Jengelh, Kaustuv, Kwamikagami, LeeWilson, Leucius, Mackan, Matt Fitzpatrick, Matt Kovacs, Moberg, Moonriddengirl, Mr Frosty, Nbarth, Nesnad, Nhk9, Oda Mari, Peachypoh,RJCraig, Rhine Elmao, Rickterp, Rjwilmsi, Seldumonde, SocietyBox, Springbreak04, Swift, Timwi, Tristan Schmelcher, Tschmelcher, Wereon, Wikky Horse, Woohookitty, 159 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:AMB Japanese Verbs.pdf Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AMB_Japanese_Verbs.pdf License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors :User:Aeronbuchanan
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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