Attachment revision booklet
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AS Psychology: Unit 1 PSYA1 (January exam) Revision
Revision for Attachment Booklets 1 and 2
Attachment Dictionary
NNaammee..................................................................
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Explanations of Attachment
Attachment: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
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You need to know two explanations of attachment
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(attachment is learned) (attachment is innate)
The Behavioural Explanation (Learning Theory) (AO1)
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Create a set of buzz words to help you remember the Behavioural Explanation.
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Evaluation of the Behavioural Explanation (AO2)
(1)Learning theory can provide an adequate explanation of how attachments form.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(1)There is strong evidence from Psychological studies that suggests that
attachments that form between and infant and their primary caregiver or not based
on feeding.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(2)Evidence against Learning theory comes from Harlow’s research (1959).
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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However, can you think of any problems with Harlow’s research?
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(3)Further evidence against Learning theory comes from Lorenz’s theory of
imprinting.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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The Evolutionary Perspective (Bowlby’s Theory) (AO1)
The Evolutionary Theory of Attachment
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Evaluation of the Evolutionary Explanation (Bowlby’s Theory) (AO2)
(1)Lorenz’s imprinting study can be used as evidence to support Bowlby’s theory.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(2)Hazen and Shaver’s research can be used to support Bowlby’s theory.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(1)However, Howes et al (1994) provide evidence against Bowlby’s theory.
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(2)The Evolutionary argument is a post-hoc assumption:
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Differences between the Behavioural and Evolutionary Theories:
Behavioural Explanation:
‘Learning Theory’
W
H
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A
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Evolutionary Explanation: ‘Bowlby’s
Theory’
Types of Attachment: Individual Differences in Attachment
Research study into ‘individual differences in attachment’: (including the 4 key observations and findings (3 categories))
Aim:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Procedure:…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
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Findings:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Characteristic Behaviours of each ‘Attachment Type’:
Evaluation of the ‘Strange Situation’ Study (AO2)
(1)The Strange Situation provides a huge amount of detail very quickly.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(1)The study can be criticised for ethical issues.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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ATTACHMENT
TYPE: BEHAVIOUR CATEGORY:
Separation Anxiety Stranger Anxiety Reunion Behaviour Willingness to Explore
Securely
Attached
Insecure-
Avoidant
Insecure-
Resistant
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(2)Another criticism is that the classification system doesn’t fit all infants.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(3)Another weakness of the Strange Situation is that it lacks ecological validity.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Causes (or Influences) of Differences in Attachment Type:
What factors affect the type of attachment infants have with their primary
caregiver?
1. Sensitivity of the mother: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2. ‘Temperament hypothesis’: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Effects of Attachment Type:
How can early attachments shape behaviour in later life?
1. Behaviour at school: ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………..
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2. Adult romantic behaviour: …………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Cultural Variations in Attachment (AO1)
Research demonstrating Cross Cultural differences (................................)
Aim:.......................................................................................................................................
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Procedure:...........................................................................................................................
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Findings:...............................................................................................................................
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Evaluation of Cross-cultural variations (AO2)
(1)The Strange Situation is easy to replicate cross-culturally.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(1)However, comparing cultures using the Strange Situation attachment
behaviour may be ethnocentric.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(2)Furthermore, Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg used the Strange Situation
technique which can be criticised as lacking ecological validity.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(3)
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Disruption of Attachment
Are the effects of short term separation long lasting?
The Robertson’s and Bowlby’s Naturalistic Observation
(AO1)
Research study into disruption of attachment: Robertson and Bowlby (1952)
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The ‘PDD’ Model:
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Evaluation of Robertson’s and Bowlby’s Study (AO2):
(1)The study used a naturalistic observation which has high ecological validity.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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(1)The research may suffer from observer bias.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(2)Disruption of attachment is more complex than Robertson and Bowlby suggested.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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As well as attachment type what other factors
affect a child’s response to disruption of attachment?
(1) Age of the child:.............................................................................................................
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(2) The sex of the child:.....................................................................................................
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Privation Are the effects of privation reversible?
Privation (definition): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Research into the effects of Privation: Hodges and Tizard (1989)
Aim:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Evaluation of Hodges and Tizard’s Study (AO2)
(1)Support for Hodges and Tizard comes from the case study of Genie.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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However, it may be that Genie was retarded meaning that she would have never
functioned ‘normally’ anyway.
(1)The study can be criticised for attrition.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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(2)The Hodges and Tizard study can be criticised as there is contradictory
evidence.
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The Effects of Institutionalisation/ Privation
Definition Institutionalisation: ....................................................................................
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AO1 Poor Parenting
Evidence to support Poor Parenting (AO2)
Further research supports the idea that early institutionalisation can lead
to poor parenting.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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AO1 Deprivation Dwarfism
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Evidence to support Deprivation Dwarfism (AO2)
The case study of Genie supports the assumption of deprivation dwarfism.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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However:
Research has suggested that the age at which privation is stopped can
effect later development.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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AO1 Attachment Disorder
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Evidence to support Attachment Disorder (AO2)
Hodges and Tizard’s (1989) longitudinal study supports the idea of
Attachment Disorder.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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However:
Research has suggested that the quality of care at the institute can affect
future development.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Day Care
The effects of day care on social development
1. The impact of day care on aggression
Day care can increase aggression (AO1):
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Day care can reduce aggression (AO1):
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1. The impact of day
care on aggression
2. The impact of
day care on peer
relations
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Evaluation of research into effects of day care on aggression
(AO2)
(1)Most research into the effects of day care on social development has high
ecological validity.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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(1)The research into the effects of day care is contradictory.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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(2)The impact of day care on social development is more complex than the research
suggests.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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(3)A weakness is that most of the research into the effects of day care on social
development is correlational (e.g.___________________________________)
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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2. The impact of day care on peer relations
(AO1) Day care can lead to more advanced peer relations (more
sociability)
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(AO1) Day care can lead to less advanced peer relations (decrease in
sociability)
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Evaluation of research into effects of day care on peer relations
(A02)
(1)Most research into the effects of day care on social development has high
ecological validity.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
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(1)The research into the effects of day care is contradictory.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
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(2)The impact of day care on social development is more complex than the research
suggests.
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
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(3)A weakness is that most of the research into the effects of day care on social
development is correlational (e.g.___________________________________)
Explain: …………………………………………………………..................................................................................
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Evidence/Example:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
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Evaluation:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
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Implications of research into attachment for childcare practices
What is meant by the term ‘implication’? __________________________
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Hospital admissions
Problems raised by research:
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Solutions to these problems:
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Adoption
Problems raised by research:
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Solutions to these problems:
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Implications of research into day care for childcare practices
Staff:Child ratios:
Problems raised by research:
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Solutions to these problems:
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24
High Turnover of Staff:
Problems raised by research:
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Solutions to these problems:
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Question Checkpoint
A psychologist conducted a research study to investigate the implications of
providing caregivers with training designed to increase their sensitivity.
Twenty caregivers were randomly assigned to the group receiving training to
increase their sensitivity. The remaining twenty, a control group, received no
such training.
The findings were that caregivers in receipt of sensitivity training were
rated as more sensitive than caregivers in the control group. For children
around the age of two, those in the care of the caregivers who received the
sensitivity training were more secure in their attachments than those who
were cared for by the control group. The researcher concluded the findings
were directly due to the sensitivity training.
(a)Which experimental design was used in this study? (1 mark)
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25
Term Definition/Explanation Adult romantic
relationships
Attachment
Attachment
disorder
Attrition
Behavioural
Explanation
(Learning Theory)
Behaviour at
school
Classical
Conditioning
26
Cross-cultural
variations
Cupbaord Love
Theory (part of
the behavioural
explanation)
Day Care
Deprivation
dwarfism
Despair
Detachment
Evolutionary
Explanation
(Bowlby’s Theory)
Imprinting
Insecure-avoidant
Insecure-resistant
Institutionalisation
27
Internal Working
Model (continuity
hypothesis)
Key worker
Longitudinal
research
Monotropy
Privation
Protest
Poor parenting
Post-hoc
assumption
Reunion Behaviour
28
Secure
Attachment
Sensitivity of
mother
Separation
Anxiety
Social releasers
Strange Situation
Stranger Anxiety
Temperament
Hypothesis
Willingness to
explore (from a
secure base)
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