At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust
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8/12/2019 At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust
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WELCOME
DOBARDAN
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INVESTIGATIONOFOPERATINGAND
ENGINEERINGPARAMETERSOFWATER
SPRAYINGSYSTEMSATFUGITIVEDUST
SUPPRESSION
Dipl.Ing.J.Faschingleitner
, Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr.techn.W.Hflinger,,
1ViennaUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofChemicalEngineering,
Getreidemarkt 9,A1060Vienna,Austria,
Phone:004315880115910; Fax:004315880115999
Email:whoeflin@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at
PresentationattheTEMPUSMeeting20101519November2010Wien
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 2
mailto:whoeflin@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.atmailto:whoeflin@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at8/12/2019 At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust
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1.Dangeratlongtermexposuretofugitivedust:
chronicinjuryofthelung,
decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults,
shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof
cancer.Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesoftheenvironmental
agencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[1].
Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.
2.Dustdefinitions:In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachtoclassifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER
(PMstandard)[2].
TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide,
lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].
EPA:PM10=Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m
Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpass asizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms
forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10maseparationefficiencyof50%.
ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EGFurtherspecifiedclassificationofdust:
TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter
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3.Guidlines1999/30/EGin1999
Since01012005
nottoexceed
ayearlyaverageof40g/mofPM10emissions. adailyaverageof50g/mallowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[4].
Transgressionsarereportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports.
Since01012010
nottoexceed
ayearlyaverageof20g/m adailyaverageisstillsetat50g/mwithsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear
InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).AmongothercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[5].
However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedustemissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereferencevaluesonPM2.5emissions[6].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissionsdirectlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution.
OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFERREGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.
[5]EUCouncilDirective.Guideline1999/30/EG.22April1999. Accessedon04April2010.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF
[6]u.s.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, IntroductiontoAP42,VolumeI,FifthEdition,1995http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ehief/ap42toe.htmI
[7]BackgroundDocumentationforAP42,Section11.2.4,HeavyConstruction Operations,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,EPAC011lractNo.68DO0123,WorkAssignmentNo44,April2,1993http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42cI3.html
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF8/12/2019 At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust
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Aremarkablehighfraction(42%)oftotalemitteddustcanalreadybeassignedtofugitivedustemissions
[8].Onereasonforthatisthatemissionsofnonconductedsourcesaremuchhardertodetectand
control.
[8]Umweltbundesamt,Emissionstrends19902007.berblickberdiesterreichischenVerursachervonLuftschadstoffen(Datenstand2009).UmweltbundesamtGmbH,Vienna(2009)
[9]Holzhauer,R.:BeitragzurBeurteilungundWeiterentwicklungvon Emissionsminderungsmanahmen
4.Originandpropagationofdust:
Figure1:CausesforPM10emissionsinAustriain2007
accordingtotheAUSTRIANENVIRONMENTALAGENCY[8]
Figure2:criteriatodestinguish differentsourcetypes[9]
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Fugitivedustemission:
Arizingfromnonconductedsources
Diffusedustsourceshaveoftenthefollowingcharacteristics:(VDI3790,VDI4285)
o considerablespatialextension,
o inhomogeneoussourcestructure,
o
emissionrelevantsectorsthatcannotbelocatedordescribedeasily,o lowheightofsource,
o emissionmassflowthatvarieswithtimeand
o highambientairconcentrationsinthevicinityofthesource.
Diffusedustsourcescanbeassignedbygeometry:pointsourcelinesource,areasourceorvolumesource.
Dustsourceswhichcreatefugitivedustarecreatedforexamplebyexposureof:
o openfaces(construction,miningoragriculturalsites),o roadsorparkingareas,
o stockpilesor
o bulksolidprocessing
towindormechanicalstressFigure3:examplesforfugitivedustsources
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Problemsatfugitivedustsuppression: Primarydustsuppressionaction:onlypartial
solutionsavailable
o Granulationo Proceduralprovissions
Secondarydustsuppressionaction:
o Encaseandfiltrationorscrubbing
Combination:waterspraydustsuppressiono Primary:unhomogeniusbulksolidsmoistening
o Secondary:shiftinganddelutionofdustclouds
Definitionof afugitivedustsourcewhere
waterspraydustsuppressioncanbeusedasrolemodel:
Conveyorbelthandoverpoints:Primaryandsecondarydustsuppressionactioniseasilyaccessableandcanbeexaminedtogetherandseparatedfromeachother.Waterspraydustsuppressionataconveyorbelthandoverpoint
canbeusedasrolemodelfordustsuppressionatotherprocedures.
Figure4:examplesforprimary and
secondarydustsuppression
action
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8
Fig.5:Applicationofdustsuppressiondevicesbywaterspraying *
*www.vsrindustrietechnik.de
Fugitivedustsuppressionatbulksolidhandling
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10
Theseparationefficiencyofawatersprayingsystemcanbe
calculatedasthetotalseparationefficiencytotoftheefficienciesoftwoseparators(1and2),whichareconnectedinseries
1:
tot=1+21*2 (1)[9]
[9]1M.Stie:MechanischeVerfahrenstechnikPartikeltechnologie1,SpringerVerlagBerlin,Heidelberg .
2009,ISBN9783540325512.
1:reduceddustgenerationduetomoisteningofthebulk solids
2
:precipitationofthestillgenerateddustbythe
dispersedwaterdroplets
t f t d
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tot1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments
ConveyorbelthandoverpointAirbornedustcapture
experiments
evaporation DesignoftestrigDesignoftestrig
effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*2(Vfleff.)
Vfl h n Nozzletype Position ncdust
experiments experiments
VLuft CFD
Lffler
theory
spraypatternMoisteningpattern Dustsuppressionpattern
methodofnozzle
characterizationModeltodescribe
moisteningpattern
Modeltodescribedust
suppressionpattern
ev(x) xb
2*
= aBellcurve
modelv(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
v(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
Vfl h n nozzletype Position ncdust VLuftOptimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.) 2(x,Vfleff.)=constModeltocalculatedustsuppression
model
comparison
conceptofstudy:
s a n d
E i t
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tot1
2Bulksolidsdropexperiments
Conveyorbelthandoverpoint Airbornedustcapture
experiments
b l o w e r
f i l ter
c l e a n g a s
c o n v e y o r b e l t
d o w n p i p e
d u s t c h a m b e r
s u c k o f f p i p e
c a s c a d e
i m p a c t o r
n o z z l e
v a c u um p u m p
b u n k e r
w e i r
a i rw a t e r
Fig.7: Test equipment for detection oftot
Experiments:
Fig.8: Test equipment for detection of 1 Fig.9: Test equipment for detection of 2
s a n d
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b lo w e r
f i l ter
c l e an g a s
c o n v e y o r b e l t
d o w n p ip e
d u s t c h a m b e r
s u c k o f f p ip e
s a n d
c a s c a d e
i m p a c t o r
n o z z l e
v a cu u m p u m p
b u n k e r
w e i r
a i r
w a t e r
Fig.10: Test equipment for detection oftot
tot
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1
Bulksoliddrop
experiments
Detectionofspraying
pattern
Fig.11: Test equipment for detection of1Fig.12: Test equipment for detection of spraying pattern
regarding description of 1
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Fig.13:testequipmentfordetectionof2
2
Comparison:
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tot1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments
ConveyorbelthandoverpointAirbornedustcapture
experiments
evaporation DesignoftestrigDesignoftestrig
effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*
2(Vfleff.)
Vfl h n Nozzletype Position ncdust
experiments experiments
VLuft CFD
Lffler
theorymodel
Comparisonofexperiment empiricalmodelandtheoreticalcalculationstodiscover
influencesondustsuppressionefficiency.
Vfl
experiment
s
Comparison:
model to calculate taking droplet evaporation into account
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
17
modeltocalculatetottakingdropletevaporationintoaccount
EresdustconcentrationforinfiniteQE0: initialdustconcentration
: dustsuppressionconstantQ0 evaporatingwatervolumeflow[L/h]Q0maxmaximumevaporateablewaterflux [L/h]
Q supplyingnozzlewaterstream[L/h]
q evaporationconstant[h/L]
1
tot =1 +2 1 *2Comparison of dust suppression efficiencies:
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ForPM10andat10L/hnozzlewaterflux(8.8L/heffectivewaterflux):
Totaldustseparationefficiency: tot=70%
dropletdustprecipitation: 2=16% low
moisteningeffect: 1=64% high
Thatmeans: dustseparationduetomoisteningisthemoredominant
effectandthedropletdustseparationeffectisveryweak
tot 1 2 1 2Comparisonofdustsuppressionefficiencies:
Attheconcentrated
particleflow2ismuch
higherbutbesidesthis
flow2decreases
tremendously.
tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*
2(Vfleff.)
experiments
Fig.15:2atdifferentsetsofnozzles
:Problems of secondary dust reduction
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger
19
Problemofmixingofdustcloudsandwatersprays
CFDsimulationoftheultrasonicspraynozzle
(1005VSR)
definesdust
suppressionefficient
regionsofthespray
2:Problemsofsecondarydustreduction
Fig.16:Showstheshiftingofdustclouds
duetotheimpactofwaterspraysFig.17:Showsthedropletsizemeasurementof the
watersprayusinglaserdiffractionmethod
Fig.18:Calculatedspraypattern ofspraynozzlerelatedtodropletsize
theory
CFD
Interaction of
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Dipl.Ing.ThomasLaminger
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 20
Interactionof
Particlesandthe
spray
Therewereactiveregionsofthespray
definedfordustsuppression.Thisactiveregionsareamaximumifacertainfractionbetweenairvelocityofthenozzleandvelocityofdustparticles
(windspeed)isreached.
Fig.19:CFDconstructedtestsetup
Fig.20:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat10m/sairvelocity Fig.21:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity
Fig.22:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity
Adopted BarthSchuch Lfflermodel to calculate the separation
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 21
AdoptedBarth Schuch Lffler modeltocalculatetheseparation
efficiencyofparticlesatdroplets:
Usingexperimental,CFDandtheoreticalexaminationsanapproach to
optimizeparameterstoperformdustsuppressionatmaximumefficiencywasdiscovered.(crossflowconditions,concentration,position)
Fig.23:Showsthecalculatedtrajectoryofthedropletsandthe penetrationdepthofparticles
LfflerVelocitycomponents
Spacecomponents
Startingconditions
Optimization:
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spraypatternMoisteningpattern Dustsuppressionpattern
methodofnozzle
characterizationModeltodescribemoisteningpattern
Modeltodescribedustsuppressionpattern
ev(x) xb 2
*= aBellcurve
modelv(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
v(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
Vfl h n nozzletype Position ncdust VLuftOptimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.) 2(x,Vfleff.)=constModeltocalculatedustsuppression
1(Vfleff.)
Vfl h n Nozzletype
experiments
2(Vfleff.)
Position ncdust
experiments
VLuft
p
spraypatternMoisteningpattern
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 23
ev(x) xb 2
*= aa moisteningconstant[m/s]
b moisteningcontsant[1/m]
x moisteningradius[m]v(x) moisteningvelocity[m/s]
Bellcurve:modelformoisteningvelocityMeasurementsetuptodetectthe
inhomogeniousmoisturedistribution
acrossaflatbulksolidssurfaceMeasurementofthemoisteningvelocity
v(x)=V/Aspaceresolvedusingvolume
compartments(areaA)
Fig.24:detectionofmoisteningvelocityacrossthe
surfacearea
Fig.25:Moisteningvelocitybychangingdistancefrom
thecenterofthespraytotheside. .
Th h f h b ll i d i d b h i i d b A d
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 24
Theshapeofthebellcurveisdeterminedbythemoisteningconstancesaandb.Adataarray
ofaandbdependentonnozzleheighthandnozzlewaterflux hastobeascertained.flV
&
Fig.26:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)at
changingdistancefromthecenterofthespraytotheside.
Fig.27:Moisteningconstanta[m/s]relatedto Fig.28:Moisteningconstantb[1/m]relatedto
differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin
heighth heighth
Fig.29:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)atdifferentnozzleheightatafixedwaterfluxof5L/h
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Layoutdesignparameterstobeindemand:
optimalnozzleheightabovetheconveyorbelth[m],
optimalnozzlewaterflux [m/s]
optimalnumberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth
Applicationtoperformahomogeniousbulksolidsmoisteningacrossaconveyor
belt:
Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 25
Keynote:Generationofaspecifiedmoisturecontentofthebulksolidhomogenious
acrosstheconveyorbeltwidthtomeetspecifiedfugitivedustguidlines atminimum
waterconsumptionby determinationoftheoptimalnozzleheight h,optimalnozzle
waterflux ,numberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth
aufsummiert
flV&
goal:optimizationstrategyfornozzlelayoutdesignofaconveyorbeltencasingusingthebellcurvemodel
Specified: nozzlekind
necessarymoisturecontentofbulksolid [gwater/kgbulksolid]
. tomeetforexamplePM10guidlines(derivedfrombulksoliddropexperiments)
bulksolidsmassflow [kg/s]
conveyorbeltwidthB[m]
G optimum
m
flV&
Fig.30:Deviationofmoisteningdistributionofthesprayacross theconveyorbeltwidth.
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Bellcurvemodel
26
Calculationofavolumeper
electableareausingbellcurvefrom
moisteningvelocityfunktionv(x)
Summationof3dimentionalbell
curvetogetmoisteningprofile
acrossconveyorbelt
Defineabulksolidmassprofile
acrosstheconveyorbeltwidth
Calculateamoisturecontentprofileof
bulksolidacrossconveyorbeltwidth
Measuredependencyofemission
faktoronsolidmoisturecontent by
bulksolidsdropexperiments
CalculateEmissionfaktorprofile
acrossconveyorbeltwidth
ev(x) xb 2
*= a
Dataarrayofaandbindependencyof hand
Find minimumemissionacrossconveyorbelt
dependingona.bandwiththedataarray
dependingonhand atminimumwater
consumption
Calculateempiricaldescriptionof
emissionfaktorreferredtobulk
solidsmoisturecontent
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Modeltocalculatedust
suppression
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1(Vfleff.)
Vfl h n Nozzletype
experiments
Bulksolidsdropexperimentsand
calculationofemissionfactors:
spraypatternMoisteningpattern
Modeltocalculatedust
suppression
Fig.30:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)acrossconveyorbeltwidthatdifferentnozzlewaterflux adfixednozzleheight0,79m
Fig.31:emissionfactorsdepending onbulksolidsmoisture
Fig.32:emissionfactorsdepending onbulksolidsmoisturecreated
acrossconveyorbeltwidth
tot1 2
conceptofstudy:
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1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments
ConveyorbelthandoverpointAirbornedustcapture
experiments
evaporation DesignoftestrigDesignoftestrig
effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)
tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*2(Vfleff.)
Vfl h n Nozzletype Position ncdust
experiments experiments
VLuft CFD
Lffler
theory
spraypatternMoisteningpattern Dustsuppressionpattern
methodofnozzle
characterizationModeltodescribe
moisteningpattern
Modeltodescribedust
suppressionpattern
ev(x) xb
2*
= aBellcurve
modelv(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
v(x)dataarrayofspray
parametersa,b
Vfl h n nozzletype Position ncdust VLuftOptimizationmethod
Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.) 2(x,Vfleff.)=constModeltocalculatedustsuppression
model
comparison
Conclusion:
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Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner
Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 30
Conclusion:
Withexperimentsitwasproventhatthefugitivedustsuppressioncouldget
devidedintwoeffectsThisprimaryandsecondarydustsuppressioneffects
werequantifiedandcomparedwithamodelusuallyusedfortwoseparators
whichareactinginseries.
Wherefromtheprimarydustsuppressionmeasureisfourtimesmore
efficientthanthesecondarydustsuppressionmeasure.
Forbotheffectscalculationmethodeswerederivedsothattheproposed
dustreductionofeachmeasurecangetcalculated.
Thetotaldustsuppressionefficiencycouldgetcalculatedbyan adoptionofa
depthfiltrationmodel.Thismodelwasimprovedbyanequationtocalculate
theevoporationeffect. Asaresultallseparationefficiencies (total,primary
andsecondarydustsuppressionefficiency)couldgetreferredto aneffective
waterfluxwhichactuallyperformsdustsuppression.
Conclusion:
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Thesecondarydustsuppressioncouldbedevidedinatransportproblemofdustcloudtothewatersprayandinaseparationproblemof dustparticlesby
droplets.
ThetransportproblemwasanalysedbyCFDsimulationbywhichactiveregionsofthespraywerelocatedanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified.
TheseparationofparticlesbydropletswascalculatedbyadaptionoftheBarthSchuchLfflermodelanditsdependencyonoperatingparameters clarified.
Theprimarydustreductionwasdescribedbythedependencyofemissionfactorsonbulksolidsmoisture.Thebulksolidsmoistureproducedatwatersprayingwasmodelledbyabellcurvemodelwhichdescribesmeasurednozzlespraypatternsdependingonoperatingparameters.
Bydescribingmeasureddustsuppressionpatternsbythebellcurvemodelthe
optimizationmethode for primarydustsuppressioncouldgetappliedtosecondarydustsuppressionaswell.
Thereforeanoptimizationstrategywasdevelopedtoexamineoperating
parametersbywhichmaximumdustsuppressionatminimumwaterconsumptionisreached.31
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Thankyouforyourattention!
punohvalanapanja
longtermexposuretofugitivedust:
chronicinjuryofthelung,
http://rio.pauker.at/pauker/DE_DE/SH/wb/?x=hvalahttp://www.crodict.com/deutsch-kroatisch/pa%C5%BEnja.htmlhttp://www.crodict.com/deutsch-kroatisch/pa%C5%BEnja.htmlhttp://rio.pauker.at/pauker/DE_DE/SH/wb/?x=hvala8/12/2019 At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust
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c o c ju y o t e u g,
decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults,
shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof
cancer.Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesofthe
environmentalagencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[4].
Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.
In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto
classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER
(PMstandard)[1].
TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide,
lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].
EPA:PM10Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m
Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpass asizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms
forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10masepparationefficiencyof50%.
ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EG
Furtherspecifiedclassificationofdust:
TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter
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duringwhichPM10emissionsweretobereducedtofinalstandardvalues.Thefirstphaseendedin2005.Bythen,allparticipatingcountrieswerenottoexceedayearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM
10
emissions.Adailyaverageof50g/m wasallowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[5].Transgressionsare reportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports.InJanuary2010,theendofthesecondphasewasreachedwithhigherstandardstobemet;nowwithayearlyaverageof20g/m.Thedailyaverageisstillsetat50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear.InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).AmongothercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[6].
However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedust
emissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereference valuesonPM2.5emissions[7].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution.
OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFER
REGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.Itcontainsdatareportedannuallybyapproximately24000industrialfacilities[8].TheEPRTRregisterisopentothepublictomaketheimpactoflocalindustriesontheenvironmentmoretransparent.Atthesametime,it
pressureslistedcompaniestomeetemissionstandardsorevendo betteronbehalfofcompanyprestige.
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