Arabic Hebrew Greek Study Sheet

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful I once made a joke during my Arabic studies In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black) So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb ترم TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama استرsectم thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket)

As you can see from the example above the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can accept that بله ك ن أن أقiexcl iomkin an aqbalah يمiexclshe added it waadaafat anah وأضافت أنcentهwe admit it ل ك تر ف ب ذ ن نعiexcl nahn natarif bithalik نحiexclthey advised him ليiexclه وا ع ار waashaarowa alaih وأشI can agree with that ن ي أن أتcentف ق معه ك ن waiomkinonii an atafiq maah ويمiexclshe allows it ا مح له ا تسiexcl anahaa tasmah lahaa انهwe announce it ل ن ذل ك nolin thalik نعiexclI can apologize تذ ر ن ي أن أعiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an atathir ويمiexclshe appears today ا الiexclيوiexclم و انcentه iabdow anahaa aliawm يبiexclدthey arranged that sectبت ت ر ا و lakinahaa warotibat لك نcentهI can arrive tomorrow دا ن ي أن يص ل غ ك ن waiomkinonii an iasil ghada ويمiexcl

she can ask him أله يiexclع أن أسiexcl تط tastatii an asalah تسiexclshe attaches that ليiexclه sectق ع ل ا تع anahaa toaliq alaih انهwe attack them م م ه اج ن نiexclه nahn nhaajamihom نحiexclthey avoid her ا نcentبون له iatajanabown lahaa يتجI can bake it بز ن ي أن خ ك ن waiomkinonii an khabaz ويمiexclshe is like him ل ه ثiexcl fahii mithlih فه ي م we beat it ليiexclه ن ع faaz nahn alaih فاز نحiexclthey became happy يiexclد ع ا س وiexcl بح asbahowa saiid أصiexclI can begin that يiexclله غ ن ي تشiexcl ك ن iomkinonii tashghiilah يمiexclwe borrowed money ترضت الiexclمال ن اقiexcl nahn aqtaradat almaal نحiexclthey breathe air واء tatanafas alhawaau تتنفcentس الiexclه

English Verbs Arabic VerbsI can bring it له ع يiexclع ج تط laa astatii jaalah ل أسiexclI can build that ليiexclه ن ي أن نبiexclن ي ع ك ن waiomkinonii an nabnii alaih ويمiexcl

she buys food ائ يcentة ذ واد الiexclغ تر ي الiexclم ا تشiexcl anahaa tashtarii almawaad انهalghithaaiiiah

we calculate it ب أنcentه س nahsob anah نحiexclthey carry it م له ا تحiexcl anahaa tahmiloh انهthey dont cheat اع د م ل خ anahom laa khidaa انcentهshe chooses him تارت له akhtaarat lah اخiexclwe close it قه ل ن إ غiexcl nahn iighlaaqah نحiexclhe comes here نا iaatii honaa يأiexclت ي هI can compare that ا ه ارنت ق ن ي م ك ن iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa يمiexclshe competes with me ا تتنافس مع ل sectي anahaa tatanaafas ma lii انهwe complain about it ا ه نiexcl و م ك ن نشiexcl nahn nashkow minhaa نحiexclthey continued reading راءة ا واصلت الiexclق anahaa waasalat alqiraauah أنcentه

he cried about that ن ذل ك sarakh an thalik صرخ عI can decide now ن ر sectر الiexcl ن ي أن تق ك ن waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan ويمiexclshe described it to me فت ل ي wawosifat lii ووص we disagree about it وiexclع ض ا الiexclموiexcl ذ ل ه وiexcl تل ف ح nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow نخiexclthey disappeared quickly ة ع رiexcl ا ب س ائ ه ت ف akhtifaaiihaa bisorah اخiexcl

I discovered that ا فت أنcentه تش aktoshifat anahaa اكiexclshe dislikes that ا ل تح ب أن anahaa laa tohib an انcentهwe do it عل ذل ك ن نفiexcl nahn nafal thalik نحiexclthey dream about it ن ذل ك ون ع لم iahlomown an thalik يحiexclI earned صل ل ي ذل ك hasal lii thalik حhe eats a lot anah iaakol alkathiir انcentه يأiexclكل الiexclكث يرwe enjoyed that نا ذل ك تعiexcl تمiexcl astamtanaa thalik اسiexclthey entered here نا ا ه لوiexcl dakhalowa honaa دخhe escaped that و رب ه harab how هI can explain that ح ذل ك رiexcl يiexclع ش تط laa astatii sharh thalik ل أسiexclshe feels that too ا أيiexclضا ر أنcentه ع tashor anahaa aida تشiexclwe fled from there ناك نا م ن ه ربiexcl harabnaa min honaak ه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey will fly tomorrow دا يiexclر غ وiexclف يط sawf iatiir ghada س

I can follow you ب ع لكم ن ي أن تتiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an totbi lakom ويمiexclshe forgot me ن sectي يiexclت م nasiit minii نس we forgive him ر له ف ن يغiexcl nahn iaghfir lah نحiexclI can give her that ا ا له يه ط ك ن أن أعiexcl iomkin an aotiiahaa lahaa يمiexclshe goes there ناك هب ه tathhab honaak تذiexclwe greeted them م ه نiexcl ن م بل ونحiexcl تقiexcl astaqbal wanahn minhom اسiexclI hate that ه ره akrahoh أكiexclI can hear it معه ن ي أن تسiexcl ك ن waiomkinonii an tasmaah ويمiexclshe imagine that ا كانت iotasawar anahaa kaanat يتصوcentر أنcentهwe invited them م نا له وiexcl daawnaa lahom دعI know him ر فه anaa arifoh أنا أعiexclshe learned it ت أنcentه لcentمiexcl taalamt anah تعwe leave now ن رك الiexcl natrok alaan نcentتiexclthey lied about him نiexclه kathab anh كذcentب عI can listen to that ا ت ماع إ ليiexclه سiexcl يiexclع ال تط laa astatii aliastimaa iilaihaa ل أسiexclshe lost that رت ا خس anahaa khasirat انه

we made it yesterday نا أمiexclس لى أنiexclفس ا ع ناه alatii qatanaahaa alaa الcentت ي قطcentعiexclanfosinaa ams

they met him ا له وiexcl ع تم ajtamaowa lah اجiexclI misspell that ا ا أنcentه anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa أنا ك تابت هI always pray ا sectي دائ م aosalii daaiimaa أصل she prefers that sectل ذل ك ا تفض anahaa tofadil thalik انهwe protected them م ه نiexcl ن م يcentة نحiexcl م mahmiiah nahn minhom محiexclthey will punish her ا اقبته ع وiexclف م sawf moaaqabatahaa سI can put it there ناك يiexclع وضعه ه تط laa astatii wadaah honaak ل أسiexclshe will read it ا رأه وiexclف يقiexcl ا س anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa انهwe received that يiexclنا ذل ك talqiinaa thalik تلiexclق they refuse to talk دshyث ا الiexclتcentح وiexcl rafadowa altahadoth رفضI remember that ا كcentره atathakarohaa أتذshe repeats that ا تكر sectر ذل ك anahaa tokarir thalik انهwe see it naraah نراه

English Verbs Arabic Verbsthey sell it ا ه tabiiohaa تب يiexclعI sent that yesterday مiexclس لiexclت ب الiexcl aorsilt bialams أرiexclس he shaved his beard يت ه لق ل حiexcl anah hilaq lihiatih انcentه ح it shrunk quickly ة ع رiexcl لcentصت ب س ا تق anahaa taqalasat bisorah انهwe will sing it ا نائ ه م غ وiexcl نق sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa سthey sat there ناك ا ه وiexcl لس jalasowa honaak جI can speak it ا دshyث ب ه يiexclع الiexclتcentح تط laa astatii altahadoth bihaa ل أسiexclshe spends money ف ق الiexclمال ا تنiexcl iinahaa tonfiq almaal إ نcentهwe suffered from that نiexclه انيiexclنا م aanainaa minh عthey suggest that ا fahii towhii anahaa فه ي توiexclح ي أنcentهI surprised him ئiexclت ب ه وج fowojiit bih فshe took that ا waqaalat iinahaa وقالت إ نcentهwe teach it لم أنcentه ن نعiexcl nahn nalam anah نحiexclthey told us ا لنا qaalowa lanaa قالوiexclshe thanked him كرiexclت له shakart lah شI can think about it ر مiexcl ك يiexclر ف ي الiexcl يiexclع الiexclتcentفiexcl تط laa astatii altafkiir fii alamr ل أسiexclshe threw it ا alqaa qaalat iinahaa ألiexclقى قالت إ نcentهwe understand that هم nafham نفiexclthey want that ن ذل ك وiexcl ا ير يiexclد kaanowa ioriidown thalik كانوiexclI can wear it جاب اء الiexclح ت د يiexclع ارiexcl تط laa astatii artidaau alhijaab ل أسiexclshe writes that ليiexclه تب ع ا تكiexcl waqaalat anahaa taktob alaih وقالت انهwe talk about it ن ذل ك دث ع natahadath an thalik نتحcentthey have it ليiexclه يiexclه م ع ladaihim alaih لدI watched it ت ذل ك دiexcl اه shaahadt thalik شI will talk about it قص معك أنا أرiexcl waanaa arqos maak وhe bought that yesterday ا ترى امiexclس انه ashtaraa ams anahaa اشiexcl

we finished it يiexclنا ذل ك antahainaa thalik انiexclته

Arabic NegationLearning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy)

In Arabic there are a few words for negation la لma ما and لن lan Lan is used to negate the future In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh ما ش the word being negated put in between like in French ne ndash pas (je ne parle pas) for example ma 3araf sh ما عرفش I donrsquot know ma 3ali sh معلش this is a very common phrase meaning It doesnt matter Here are some examples

English Negation Arabic NegationNegation nafee - نفiexclيhe is not here نا anah laees honaa - انcentه ليiexclس ه

that is not my book ا ليiexclس ك تاب ي ذ hathaa laees - هketaabeee

do not enter خل laa tadkhol - ل تدiexclAs you can see from the example above the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical pattern Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic

List of Negation in ArabicBelow is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Negation Arabic NegationI dont speak aanaa laa aatakalam - أنا ل أتكلcentمI dont write تب aanaa laa aaktob - أنا ل أكiexclI dont drive وsectد aanaa laa aqowd - أنا ل اقI dont love aanaa laa aoheb - أنا ل أح بI dont give ط ي aanaa laa aoteee - أنا ل أعiexclI dont smile aanaa laa abtasem - أنا ل ابiexclتس مI dont take ذ aanaa laa aakhoth - أنا ل آخ

he doesnt speak دcentث anah laa eeatahadath - انcentه ل يتحhe doesnt write تب anah laa eeaktob - انcentه ل يكiexclhe doesnt drive وiexclد anah laa eeaqowd - انcentه ل يقhe doesnt love anah laa eeoheb - انcentه ل يح بhe doesnt give ط ي anah laa eeoteee - انcentه ل يعiexclhe doesnt smile anah laa eeabtasem - انcentه ل يبiexclتس مhe doesnt take ذ anah laa eeaakhoth - انcentه ل يأiexclخ

English Negation Arabic Negation

we dont speak ن ل نتحcentدث nahn laa natahadath - نحiexclwe dont write تب ن ل نكiexcl nahn laa naktob - نحiexclwe dont drive وiexclد ن ل نق nahn laa noqowd - نحiexclwe dont love ن ل نح ب nahn laa noheb - نحiexclwe dont give ط ي ن ل نعiexcl nahn laa noteee - نحiexclwe dont smile ن ل نبiexclتس م nahn laa nabtasem - نحiexclwe dont take ذ ن ل ناخ nahn laa naakhoth - نحiexcl

Arabic QuestionsLearning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information or else the request itself made by such an expression Usually it starts with why how where when In Arabic there are two question word هل (hal) and أ (a) Are you from Egypt Hal anta min masri هل هو نغبي أليس كذلك He is a Morrocan isnrsquot he Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik أتت من مصر

Here are some examples

English Questions Arabic QuestionsQuestions ئ لة سiexcl alaaselah - الiexclhow kaeef - كيiexclفwhat اذا maathaa - مwho men - م نwhy اذا lemaathaa - ل مwhere aaeen - أيiexclن

List of Questions in ArabicBelow is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary

English Questions Arabic Questionswhere is he و aaeen how - أيiexclن هwhat is this ا ذ ا ه maa hathaa - مwhy are you sad ز ي ن اذا أنiexclت ح lemaathaa aant hazeeeen - ل م

English Questions Arabic Questionshow do you want to pay فiexclع kaeef toreeed aldaf - كيiexclف تر يiexclد الiexclدcent

can I come ك ن ان آت ى ل يمiexcl hal eeomken an aatea - هis he sleeping و نائ م hal how naaem - هل هdo you know me ن ي ر ف ل تعiexcl hal tarefoneee - هdo you have my book يiexclك ك تاب ي ل لد hal ladaeek ketaabeee - هhow big is it ا ذ ا مدى كبر ه maa madaa kabor hathaa - م

can I help you ت ك د اع ن ى مس ك ن ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenonea - هmosaaadatek

can you help me ت ي د اع ك نك مس ل يمiexcl hal eeomkenok - هmosaaadateee

do you speak English نiexclج ل يز يcentة ل تتكلcentم الiexcl hal tatakalam - هalanjeleeezeeeah

how far is this ا ذ د ه ا مدى بعiexcl maa madaa bad hathaa - مwhat time is it و الiexclوقiexclت ا ه maa how alwaqt - مhow much is this ا ذ kam thaman hathaa - كم ثمن هwhat is your name مك و اسiexcl ا ه maa how asmok - مwhere do you live ي ش aaeen taeeesh - أيiexclن تعiexcl

Arabic Verbs FormLearning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take examine it carefully

verbs derived patrticiples

active passive active passive masddar

imperfectperfect imperfect perfect

I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many

فــعل ـ$عل يف فــعل ـ$عل يف فـائل عول مف$

II Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu Fu33iLa yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ فـعل ل ـ$ع- يفـ مفع-ل مفعل فـعيل

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu Fuu3iLa yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun muFaa3aLun Fi3aaLun

فـاعل يفـاعل فـاعل يفـاعل مفـاعل مفـاعل

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu `uF3iLa yuF3aLu muF3iLun muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف ـ$عل أف ـ$عل يف -عل مفـ -عل مفـ ـ$عال اف

VtaFa33aLa

yataFa33aLa

tuFa33iLa

yutaFa33aLa

muttaFa33iLun

muttaFa33aLun

taFa33uLun

تفـعل يتبعل تفـعل يتبعل ل متفـع- متفـعل تفـع3ل

VItaFaa3aLa

yataFaa3aLu

tuFaa3iLa

yutaFaa3aLu

muttaFaa3iLun

muttaFaa3aLun

taFaa3uLun

ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل تفـاع ل يتفـاع ل -اع- متفـ ل -اع متفـ تفـاعل

VII

inFa3aLa yanFa3iLu na na munFa3iLun na

`inFi3aaLun

إن$فـعل فـعل ين$ na na فـعل من$ na إن$فـعال

VIII iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu muFta3iLun muFta3aLun `iFti3aaLun

ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل إف ـ$تعل يف ـ$تعل مف ـ$تعل مف ال ـتـع إف

IX iF3aLla yaF3aLlu na na muF3aLlun na `iF3iLalun

ـ$عل إف ـ$عل3 يف na na ـ$عل7 مف na ـ$علل إف

XistaF3aLa yastaF3iLu

ustuF3iLa yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun

`istiF3aaLun

تفـل إس$ـ$علل تف يس$ تفـل إس$ ـ$عل تف يس$ عل تف$ مس$ عل تف$ مس$

تفـعال إس$ل

XII

iF3aw3aLa yaF3aw3iLu

uF3uu3iLa

yuF3aw3aLu muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun

`iF3i3aaLun

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$

ـ$عوعل إفل عل يفـعو$ عل ـ$عو$ مف عل ـ$عو$ مف ـ$ععال إف

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnrsquot carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition) in its second form is

Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble ie to honor Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know ie to studyThe paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms When the passive is used in Arabic the actor must not be mentioned So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive but the letter was written by the man can not since it mentions the actor

Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes has written KuTiBa he is has been written This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read since the vowels are not written Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively

There where the right interpretation is important sometimes only the first passive vowel is written

The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms hence they have no passive forms

Arabic CasesLearning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic

Cases

The Arabic language has three cases

The nominative case (subject) in Arabic lsquoar-raf3(u (الرفع

The accusative case (object) in Arabic lsquoan-nasb(u (ب النص

The genitive case (to denote possession) lsquoal-jarr(u (ر 13الجThe nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite the accusative case on a or an and the genitive case on i or in When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n this n however will not be written instead the vowels u a i are written twice and in case of a when the noun does not end on a

ta marbuta ة an allif is added at the end

Infect this is very common in Arabic many standard phrase are written in this form like

Welcome ا ب ح ر مMy place is yours ل هل اه س و

English Transcription العربي

Subjectفع الر

The book al-kitabu الكتابA book kitabun كتاب

Objectب النص

I read a book lsquoAna Iqrarsquoa kitaban ا أنا أقرأ كتابgtI read the book

lsquoAna Igrarsquoa al-kitaba أنا أقرأ الكتابPossiveر 13الج

I gave him a book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha kitabin أنا أعطيهكتاب

I gave him the book

lsquoAna 3ataitaha al-kitabi

أنا أعطيهالكتاب

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced so in either three of these you will hear al-kitab Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection ie when it is followed by an other word not at the end of a sentence

The construct stateThe construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al-

muddaf ilaihi ه اف إلي المض اف و iexclهالمض

Look at the following expression the house of the man Both nouns have the definite article the But according to the Arab grammarians the house is already definite since it is the house of the man not the house of the woman So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns the second known with the definite article is in the

genitive case so it reads bait-u-r-radjuliThis construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this

The house of the man burned down yahhraqu baitu-r-radjuli

يحرق بيتgt الرجلthe house of this men baitu-r-radjuli hadha بيتgt الرجل هذا

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n will lose the n in this construct

For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami لمي ع ت الم- ي لمين instead of ب ع ت الم- ي بbaitu-l-mu3alamin

Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al two of them are the construct state the two others imply to be which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense

Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli ل ج- ت- الر ي ب