Aquatic Biomes Marine Communitiesonline.sfsu.edu/bholzman/_private/316_05/5-Aquatic biomes... · 2005-04-15 · 1 Aquatic Biomes Marine Biome oceans cover 70% of earth's surface Freshwater
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Aquatic Biomes
Marine Biomeoceans cover 70% of earth's surface
Freshwater Biomelakes, ponds, rivers, streams cover only a small fraction
Ocean: essentially continuous and fairly stable
Most important features:*light and substrate
ALSO: salinity, tides, pressure((Salinity :Oceans: 35 parts per thousand
Freshwater: < 0.5 parts per thousand)
Marine Communities
Vertical Zonation based on light • Photic Zone: sunlight , penetration
increases from coastal waters (~30 meters) b/c of organisms and suspended particles to open ocean (~100+ meters)
** Zone where photosynthesis occurs ** • Aphotic Zone: below photic zone,
organisms obtain energy by consuming organic material produced in the photiczone
Ocean ZonesOcean ZonesHigh tide
Low tideCoastal zone
EstuarineZone Continental
shelf
Open SeaSea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal ZoneSlope
Continental
Depth inmeters
0
50
100
200 Phot
osyn
thes
is
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Dar
knes
s
Fig. 7.5, p. 156
Classification based on bathymetry•Intertidal (Littoral) Zone: where sea meets land, really an ecotone between land and ocean
•Neritic (Sublittoral) Zone: beyond intertidalzone, few meters to ~200m deep
•Bathyal Zone: edges of continental shelf
•Abyssal Zone: most of the ocean, deep waters (2000-6000m in depth)
IntertidalIntertidal (Littoral)(Littoral)
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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IntertidalIntertidal: Littoral Zone: Littoral Zone NeriticNeritic((SublittoralSublittoral) Zone) Zone
NeriticNeritic ((SublittoralSublittoral) Zone) ZoneNeriticNeritic ZoneZone
BathyalBathyal ZoneZone
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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BathyalBathyal ZoneZone Abyssal ZoneAbyssal Zone
Organisms are also classified:
Benthic or Pelagic (oceanic): Association with substrate or water column
Benthic:hard substrates: kelp forests, coral reefs
vs.
soft muddy substrate: burrowing organisms beneath surface
Pelagic (Oceanic):
Plankton: microscopic organisms that float in water column –simple plants: phytoplanktontiny animals: zooplankton
Nekton: comprises the actively swimming animals, i.e. fish, whales, large invertebrates (higher trophiclevels)
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
PLANKTON
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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Hogfish
Cobia
Pacific sailfish
Yellow jack
Batfish
MorayRed snapper
Striped drum Angelfish
Orange roughyChinook salmon
DevilfishGreat barracuda Porcupine
fish
Grouper
Chilean sea bass
Sockeye salmon
Nekton
Nekton or Plankton ? Coral ReefsCoral ReefsGray reef shark
Green seaturtle
Sea nettle
Fairy basslet
Bluetangs
Brittle starBanded coral
shrimp
Sergeant major
Parrot fish
Hard corals
Algae
Phytoplankton
Symbioticalgae
Zooplankton
Sponges
Bacteria
Morayeel
Black basslet
Coney
ProducerProducerto primaryto primaryconsumerconsumer
PrimaryPrimaryto secondaryto secondaryconsumerconsumer
Secondary to Secondary to higherhigher--levellevelconsumerconsumer
All consumer and All consumer and producers toproducers todecomposersdecomposers
Fig. 7.13, p. 163
Estuaries,salt marshes, swamps
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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Freshwater BiomesFreshwater Biomes
Standing water (Lentic)
Flowing water (Lotic)
Sunlight
PaintedturtleGreen
frog
Pondsnail
Blue-wingedteal
Muskrat
Plankton
Northernpike
BloodwormsYellowperch
Divingbeetle
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
Lotic: Running water Rapids zone Pool zones
Lentic: Littoral zone: shallow water where light penetrates to the bottom (vegetation)
Lakes Eutrophic: lakes are
shallow-highly productive b/c light penetrates almost to the bottom, good vertical circulation
Oligotrophic: lakes usually so deep that little to no vertical circulation occurs, limited nutrients and limited sunlight restricts primary productivity
Types of Lakes: EutrophicTypes of Lakes: Eutrophic
Sunlight
Much shorevegetationMuch shorevegetation
High concentrationof nutrition and plankton
Widelittoralzone
Limnetic zone Dense fish population
Gently slopingshorelinesSalt, sand,
clay bottomEutrophic Lake
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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Types of Lakes: OligotrophicTypes of Lakes: Oligotrophic
Sunlight
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Sand, gravel,rock bottom
Oligotrophic Lake
Sparce fish population
Low concentration ofnutrition and plankton
Narrowlittoralzone
Steeplyslopingshorelines
Little shorevegetation
Lake Tahoe
Other aquatic communitiesHypersaline lakes Caves
Geysers/Hot springsGeysers/Hot springs Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
•• Coral Reef Coral Reef DestructionDestruction
•• Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity•• PollutionPollution•• DumpingDumping
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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Competition?Competition?
Trouble in local waters
FarallonIslands
Geography 316.01 Dr. B.A. Holzman SFSU @2005
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