Transcript
1920s Politics
• What is Harding’s campaign slogan in 1920?
1920s Politics
• “A Return to Normalcy”• Why do you think he was elected?
1920s Politics
• What was a major problem of Harding’s Presidency?
1920s Politics
• SCANDAL!
1920s Politics
• What is the name of Harding’s group of corrupt advisors?
1920s Politics
• The Ohio Gang• Tea Pot Dome Scandal
1920s Politics
• Why does Coolidge become president in 1923? What is his nickname?
1920s Politics
• Harding dies of a heart attack• “Silent Cal”
1920s Politics
• Give one example of the ways in which Coolidge reduces the influence of government in the economy.
1920s Politics
• Increases Laissez-Faire!• Deregulation of business• Andrew Mellon’s tax cuts to the wealthy and
business, tax burden on middle class– Trickle-down economics?
1920s Politics
• What is the name of the tariff Coolidge passes? What does it do to the tariff rate?
1920s Politics
• Fordney-McCunber Tariff• Highest Tariff in history!• Supposed to fix the post-war slump American
businesses were facing
1920s Politics
• What is the significance of the Dawes Plan to international relations?
1920s Politics
• Dawes Plan: Cycle of payments to help Germany pay reparations
• US to Germany, Germany to France/GB, France/GB to US
• US is now the “creditor nation”• Shows that the world economies are
interdependent, when one falls, they all will fall…foreshadowing?
1920s Politics
• What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?
1920s Politics
• International agreement in which over 50 countries sign and denounce war and promise to promote peace
• Shows that the League of Nations is already seen as not enough…
1920s Politics
• Define “Isolation”
1920s Politics
• No binding pacts, alliances, or commitments with other nations!
• We still trade with other nations!• HUGELY influential in the 1920s, 1930s
1920s Politics
• What Supreme Court case overturns the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919 (another attempt by Progressives to attack child labor—if you employ children, you have to pay a tax—after Keating-Owens was overturned by Hammer vs. Dagenhart)?
1920s Politics
• Bailey vs. Drexel Furniture Company• Progressive reform is over and will not be
protected by the Supreme Court!• End to Progressive Reform: biggest legacy out
of World War I?
1920s Economy
• Who perfected the assembly line in 1913?
1920s Economy
• Henry Ford
1920s Economy
• What percentage of Americans are employed in something related to automobiles by 1929?
1920s Economy
• 25% or 1 in 4
1920s Economy
• Why is there a general increase in prosperity during the 1920s?
1920s Economy
• Wages go up (because productivity of factories go up) but cost of living remains the same
• Products are mass produced, so they are cheaper to buy, so even though Americans are buying more stuff, that stuff costs less that it did in 1920!– For example, the automobile!
1920s Economy
• What are some examples of potential economic problems growing during the 1920s?
1920s Economy
• Farm prices are going down and farmers cannot pay back loans they took out to expand production during World War I
• Buying on Credit=DEBT!• Americans living outside their means
(consumerism)• Speculation in the Stock Market• Overproduction of goods because of assembly
line
1920s Economy
• What is welfare capitalism?
1920s Economy
• Businesses begin providing benefits/better conditions for workers voluntarily
• Pensions, vacation, sick-leave, higher wages– Ford is master at this, but then he works his
employees harder because he is giving them so much!
• Gain loyalty from their workers, increase workplace happiness, and therefore, productivity
1920s Economy
• How does welfare capitalism impact Union membership?
1920s Economy
• No need for unions because workplace has improved on its own!
• Membership declines by 20%• “Closed shops” (Factories that require you to
join a union if you work there) are opened!
1920s Society
• What percentage of Americans live in cities?
1920s Society
• 50%--first time more people live urban than rural!
1920s Society
• Give one example of the impact of the automobile on society.
1920s Society
• Increased mobility• Growth of suburbs—can commute to work!• Leisure time/recreation (Sunday drives)– Expected!
• Privacy…TEENAGERS! AHHH!!• Borrowing/installment buying increased
1920s Society
• Describe ways that women’s lives changed during the 1920s.
1920s Society
• Sought advice on child-raising, utilizing birth control methods (secretly), increasing choosing to both get married and get a career, divorce rate is increasing
1920s Society
• Give one example of ways family life changes in the 1920s.
1920s society
• More autonomy for kids, vast majority are in school for 12 years, at least
• Number of kids decreases• Working class, middle class, upper class able
to benefit from consumerism because appliances are so cheap!
• Divorce rate increase!
1920s Society
• What is a flapper?
1920s Society
• Response to the new right to vote, making themselves equal to men in dress and actions!
• Clothes: ties, smaller hats, boxy-dressed that diminish curves and give them a more masculine shape
• Drinking, smoking, going to clubs• Attacking double-standards of sexuality• The flapper is not the norm!
Flappers!
1920s Society
• Who is the president of the NAACP in the 1920s and expands its membership?
1920s Society
• James Weldon Johnson
1920s Society
• Who is in favor of promoting black nationalism and the back to Africa movement?
1920s Society
• Marcus Garvey-radical!
1920s Society
• Which area of the nation supports prohibition the most?
1920s Society
• The South!
1920s Society
• Give one example of an impact of Prohibition on American society.
1920s Society
• Increase in organized crime—bootlegging turns into mob action (AL CAPONE!)
• General breakdown in moral attitudes– A huge portion of the American population is
actively defying the American constitution daily!• Can the American government really control
individual actions and morals?
1920s Culture
• Who impacts American’s relationship to sex in the 1920s?
1920s Culture
• Margaret Sanger- a woman can play an active role in making decisions about sex and reproduction
• Sigmund Freud- sex is at the core of human development and relationships
• “Victorian” culture (late 1800’s, early 1900s) of modesty and purity attacked!
• BUT: though sex is becoming more a part of American culture (advertising, movies, “sex appeal”), there is still a double standard for women!
1920s Culture
• How many radio stations are there in 1922? 1929?
1920s Culture
• 1922-30• 1929-606
1920s Culture
• How many radios in 1922? 1929?
1920s Culture
• 1922-60,000• 1929- 10,250,000
1920s Culture
• Describe one of the impacts of radio on America.
1920s Culture
• Easier to be informed!• Pop Culture on the rise: radio shows (Little
Orphan Annie), music, sports– Creates a unified American culture and the
emergence of celebrities and heroes!
1920s Culture
• Give an example of a major sports figure of the time period!
1920s Culture
• Jack Dempsey• Babe Ruth• Red Grange• Rockne
1920s Culture
• First “Talkie”- 1927- The Jazz Singer• Major movie stars of the period include– Rudolph Valentino– Charlie Chaplin
1920s Culture
• What is the name for the “rebirth” of black culture in the 1920s?
1920s Culture• Harlem Renaissance- named after area of NYC that most
African-Americans settled in during the Great Migration• Proud expression of unique black experiences forged in
slavery, racism, and connection to Africa through music (JAZZ!), literature, and art
• Some urban, white Americans will embrace this culture, especially the Jazz (go to the Cotton Club) and celebrate African-American talents
• Langston Hughes-poet• Zora Neale Hurston- “Their Eyes Were Watching God”• Aaron Douglas- author, stared magazine “Fire!” with Hughes
and Hurston• Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstong- Jazz musicians
Resistance to Change!
• What is the name of the trial in which a teacher was fined for teaching evolution in Tennessee?
Resistance to Change!
• The Scopes Trial-1925– Clarence Darrow is defense lawyer, WJ Bryan is prosecutor
• Shows an attack on modernization/science by fundamentalist Christians
• Rural regions feel threatened by changes to society and seeming abandonment of religion because of the distractions of cars, jazz, and sports (to name a few)
• The Middletown Study shows that this is actually happening, Scopes Trial is reaction against this change!
• Who wins the trial?
Resistance to Change
• What is the reaction to the rise of black culture in urban regions?
Resistance to Change
• The rise of the KKK through the mid-1920s• Reborn in 1915 after “Birth of a Nation” is
created, remains small• Numbers skyrocket in the 1920s, especially in
the midwest over anxiety from numbers of immigrants (especially Catholics or Jews) settling in region
• The KKK of the 1920s hates all non-native born, white, protestant Americans!
Resistance to Change!
• What is the Johnson-Reid Act of 1924?
Resistance to Change!
• Also known as the National Origins Quota Act creates the quota system for immigrants
• 2% of the total population that came to the US in 1890 can come each year.
• RACIST! In 1890, there are still more people coming from GB, France, and Germany!
• Totally excludes Asian Immigration!
Resistance to Change!
• What event exemplifies the “fear of foreign radicals” and nativism in the 1920s?
Resistance to Change!
• The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial• Italian anarchists are convicted of a armed
robbery/double murder and executed even though there was little evidence!
• What event of 1919 is also example of “fear of foreign radicals”?
Resistance to Change!
• What is the name given to a group of writers who were disillusioned with the US entry into WWI, the outcome of the Treaty of Versailled, and excessive consumerism and materialism of the post-WWI era?
Resistance to Change!
• The Lost Generation!
Resistance to Change!
• Who wrote The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise?
Resistance to Change!
• F. Scott Fitzgerald
Resistance to Change!
• Who wrote Babbit?
Resistance to Change!
• Sinclair Lewis
Resistance to Change!
• Who wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Sun Also Rises?
Resistance to Change!
• Ernest Hemingway
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