Apply CF policies and procedures for CBRN defence

Course : BMQ - P Res

EO : 009.01

MCpl R.J. Murdoch :

Apply CF policies and procedures for Apply CF policies and procedures for CBRN defenceCBRN defence

REFERENCES : B-GJ-005-311/FP-001B-GJ-005-311/FP-030B-GJ-005-311/FP-031

TIME :

1. Define Biological warfare &List the classes of biological agents

2. Describe delivery and dissemination methods

3. List protective and decontamination measures

4. Describe detection and identification of agents and contaminated areas

GENERAL

Grenades are items of explosive or chemical ammunition used for attacking enemy troops, vehicles or fortified positions at close range. They are usually hand thrown (hand-grenades) but sometimes may also be launched from rifles (rifle-grenades). Most varieties of hand-grenades are cheap and easy to manufacture and can be used effectively by troops with little training. Despite the trend of modern technology to develop ever more complicated weapons, the simple hand-grenade remains a valuable infantry weapon.

GRENADES

DESCRIPTION

2. Grenades are designed primarily to be thrown and therefore are small in size. The shape of the grenade varies with the type and purpose. For example, a fragmentation grenade is usually oval in shape in order that the shrapnel will cover a given area with equal density when the grenade explodes. Smoke and chemical grenades, however, are usually larger than fragmentation grenades, and cylindrical in shape. They can therefore contain a relatively large volume of smoke-producing chemical filler.

1. There are three major classes of biological warfare (BW) agents:

a. Bacteria. Bacterial agents can cause diseases in human beings, CBRN 6-7 4/14 2/14/2012 plants and animals by means of invading the tissues or by producing poisons. Bacteria are sensitive to antibiotics, unless they have been genetically altered for antibiotic resistance. Ex.: sore throats, diphtheria, typhoid fever and plague;

LIST THE CLASSES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

Define Biological warfare &List the Define Biological warfare &List the classes of biological agentsclasses of biological agents

b. Viruses. Viruses, the simplest type of microorganisms, lack a system for their own metabolism and depend on host cells; thus, viruses are parasites that cause disease by damaging host cells. The host cells can be from human beings, animals, plants or bacteria. Viruses are NOT sensitive to antibiotics, but may be treated by compounds called antiviral agents and prevented using vaccines. Ex.: common cold, influenza, smallpox and yellow fever.

c. Toxins. Toxins are chemicals of natural origin produced by an animal, plant or microbe which can cause significant illness at levels much lower than the level required for lethality and are thus militarily significant in their ability to incapacitate personnel.

2. It is also important to mention bioregulators. Bio regulators, also referred to as physiologically active compounds, are chemicals that are naturally produced inside the cells of the body and serve vital functions in body tissues. They are essential in regulating normal physiological processes such as sleep, consciousness, anxiety, blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, pain and fear.

DO YOU HAVEDO YOU HAVEANYANY

QUESTIONS ? QUESTIONS ?

Question 1

Give the definition of "biological agents“?

Answer 1

Micro-organisms that cause diseases in humans, plants or animals or attack non-living materials

Question 2

How many classes of biological agents are there?

Answer 2

Three: bacteria, viruses and toxins.

Question 3

What is biological warfare?

Answer 3

The deliberate employment of biological agents to produce diseases or death in humans and animals, destroy vegetation or deteriorate certain material. It also designates defensive measures against such agents.

Apply CF policies and Apply CF policies and procedures for CBRN defenceprocedures for CBRN defence

1. Strategic level

2. Operational level

3. Tactical level

a. 3 TYPES OF OPERATIONS : This is very important in determining how and when biological agents could be used for military purposes :

DESCRIBE DELIVERY AND DISSEMINATION METHODS

b. DELIVERY METHODS: 1. Mini-bombs : which explode or

rapidly diffuse their contents on striking the ground. Mini-bombs can be enclosed in missile warheads or in aerial bomb sticks and artillery shells, missiles, rockets and bombs.

2. aircraft spray tanks 3. Ships, submarines and small

crafts can transport biological agents and can use generators to spread them.

NOTE : Bursting munitions are the least effective means of delivery, because the charge used to burst the munitions and the heat created can destroy the BW agent.

c. DISSEMINATION: 1. Aerosols of solid or liquid

particles :a. Aerosol is the most easily

controlled and therefore the most likely form of dissemination, causing serious danger to individuals.

2. Vectors : a. biting flies, mosquitoes, rats, fleas

and ticks

Question 1

Under what form can biological agents be disseminated?

Answer #1 :

Solid or liquid aerosol particles and vectors.

Question 2

List the various types of vectors.

Answer #2 :

Flies, mosquitoes, rats, fleas and ticks.

Question 3

What are the delivery methods?

Answer #3 :

Mini-bombs

Aircraft spray thanks

Ships, submarines and small crafts

LISTE PROTECTIVE AND DECONTAMINATION MEASURES

a. Protective measures: The following is a summary of the individual protective measures which must be taken before, during and after a biological attack, by everyone with or without orders:

1. Without orders :a) detection b) IA drill (biological/chemical)c) hygiene d) Contamination control

2. With orders : a) the CBRN survival rule b) Unmaskingc) bodily functions d) change clothing e) change canisters f) disposal g) Decontamination

b. Decontamination 1. in general, bad weather is

an effective decontaminant

2. body: All clothing is set aside, except for the respirator, which is kept until undressing is complete; a hot, soapy shower follows;

3. clothing: Wash in hot, soapy water;

4. Water : If drinking water cannot be used, treat it with water purification tablets or boil it for 15 minutes (anthrax is an exception);

5. Food : Cans should be soaked in boiling, soapy water, then rinsed; and

6. Utensils : Wash in soapy water or a disinfectant or boil them for 15 minutes.

Question 1

In general, what is an efficient natural means of decontamination?

Answer 1

Bad weather.

Question 2

List the different ways to decontaminate from attack by a biological agent.

Answer 2

Bad weather, boiling water, hot, soapy water or a disinfectant.

Question 3

Protective steps against biological agents are more or less the same as for what other agents?

Answer 3

Chemical agents.

DESCRIBE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AGENTS AND CONTAMINATED AREAS

2. Eyes

3. respiratory tract

4. digestive system

a. ROUTES OF ENTRY :

1. The skin

b. CHARACTERISTICS : 1. low agent requirement 2. large area affected3. high vulnerability4. delayed effects5. Pervasive6. non-destructive7. Difficult to detect8. decay of efficiency9. easy to produce10. Flexible severity of effects

c. INCUBATION : The time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms is known as the incubation period. Toxins may cause symptoms in hours while bacterial and viral agents may take up to a day or a week.

1. first signs of an epidemic

3. Perceptible increase in dead or sick animals.

2. direct observation of launch vehicles (AROUSE)

d. INDICATORS: Indicators of an attack with biological agents are:

e. DETECTION : Biological agents cannot be detected by the senses, although an individual may observe the method of delivery.

1. Hand held assay (HHA)a. Description

i. Hand held assays (HHAs) are a single-use disposable antibody based assay (test) used to provide a presumptive identification for specific biological warfare agents. HHAs are primarily employed for identification of suspected BW agents collected by the 4WARN system.

i. HHAs are issued as a tray of up to 8 individual assays sealed in a foil pouch labelled with the lot number and manufacture date. Each individual assay is designed to identify a specific BW agent

b. Physical description/capabilities/limitations i. HHAs are not completely effective in

identifying biological warfare agents. Due to the nature of the chemical processes employed, there may be occasions where false positive or false negative test results may occur. It is therefore critical that HHAs only be used for approved testing and that procedures be strictly followed.

2. 4WARN systema. Description

i. The 4WARN detects a broad spectrum of biological agents by distinguishing and counting particles containing living organisms from all other background particles. The 4WARN auto-corrects to account for natural (background) variations in living organisms. When a noted increase in living organisms is detected, the 4WARN alarms and initiates the collection of a liquid sample that may take up to 30 minutes to accumulate sufficient concentrations for identification.

b. Physical description/capabilities/limitations i. The 4WARN is designed for operations from

a static position. Employment of the equipment on mobile platforms may result in false alarms.

Anthrax

3. Identification of agents and contaminated areas

a. Identification: Positive identification of biological agents used during an attack can only be done in a laboratory by analysing samples taken from infected persons or animals or by studying symptoms.

b. It can take days or weeks before positive identification of the agent is made; such that in an area believed to be contaminated, orders may be given to maintain precautions for a very long time.

Brain exposed by Anthrax

inhalation

BIOAgent DATETime

4. Identifying a contaminated area: (contamination sign) a. Contaminated area is marked with blue

inverted triangles with the word BIO written in red letters. The agent’s name is written with the date and hour of detection.

Question 1

Name one detection device that the CF use for biological warfare agent detection?

Answer #1 :

Hand held assay (HHA) or the 4WARN system

Question 2

What are the routes of entry into the body?

Answer #2 :

The skin (cuts, injuries and bites), the eyes, the respiratory tract and digestive system.

Question 3

What is the approximate incubation time for a biological agent?

Answer #3 :

Toxins may cause symptoms in hours while bacterial and viral agents may take up to a day or a week.

Question 4

What indicators could help us to identify a biological attack?

Answer #4 :

Observing the initial signs of an epidemic; observing delivery vehicles; a dramatic increase in dead or sick animals.

Question 5

How is a biological agent identified?

Answer #5 :

Only by laboratory analysis.

Question 1

How a biological agent is positively identified? Question 2

What is the best means of dissemination? Question 3

What is the approximate incubation period for a biological agent? Question 4

Are the hand held assay (HHA) results sure at 100%

Question 5

Under what forms can biological agents be disseminated?

Define Biological warfare &List the classes of Define Biological warfare &List the classes of biological agentsbiological agents

Answer 1

Only by laboratory analysis.

Answer 2

Aerosols, since they provide better control.

Answer 3

The time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms is known as the incubation period. Toxins may cause symptoms in hours while bacterial and viral agents may take up to a day or a week

Answer 4

Answer 5

Solid or liquid aerosols and vectors.

Define Biological warfare &List the classes of Define Biological warfare &List the classes of biological agentsbiological agents

Course : BMQ - P Res

EO : 009.01

RANK/NAME :

Apply CF policies and procedures for Apply CF policies and procedures for CBRN defenceCBRN defence

TIME :

1. Define Biological warfare 2. List the classes of biological agents3. Describe delivery and dissemination

methods4. List protective and decontamination

measures5. Describe detection and identification of

agents and contaminated areas

REFERENCES : B-GJ-005-311/FP-001B-GJ-005-311/FP-030B-GJ-005-311/FP-031

Apply CF policies and procedures for CBRN defence

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