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APA Citation Style
6th Edition, 2009
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What’s New?
Some of the changes include: the use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)
with references to electronic sources (when available).
expanded coverage of online resources To learn more about the changes made
in the new edition, check out the "What's New" section on the official APA Website.
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http://apastyle.apa.org/
APA Learning Tools
http://apastyle.apa.org/learn/
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Documenting Sources:
Using APA Format
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Why Use APA Format?
Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily
Provides consistent format within a discipline
Gives you credibility as a writer
Protects yourself from plagiarism
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Cross-Referencing Your Sources
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
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Using a Consistent Format
Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.
It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.
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Establishing Credibility
The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.
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Where Do I Find APA Format?
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
www.apastyle.org Composition textbooks OWL website: owl.english.purdue.edu Writing Lab Grammar Hotline:
494-3723
OWL PowerPoint: Formatting
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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/17/
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APA Style: Two Main Concerns
Reference Page
In Text or Parenthetical Citations
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Reference Page
A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay.
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.
Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.
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A Sample Reference Page
http://rdc.libguides.com/data/files/41244/APA_sample_reference_page_F09.pdf
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Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Author’s name Title of work Publication
information
Reference Page
Book: Print
Fleming, T. (1997). Liberty!: The
American revolution. New York:
Viking.
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Book: Online
Use the following format if the book was published both in print and electronically.
Norman, R. (1998). The moral philosophers.
[netLibrary version] Retrieved from
http://www.netlibrary.com
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Book: Online
If it was published only electronically, use the complete URL for the book.
DeHuff, E.W. Taytay’s tales: Traditional
Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/
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Nova University: Book Citations Video
http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/video/FormatBookReferenceCitations_APA6thed
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Brown, E. (1996). The Lake of Seduction:
Silence, Hysteria, and the Space of
Feminist Theatre. JTD: Journal of
Theatre and Drama, 2, 175-200.
Article: Print Journal
Article: Print Journal
APA style includes the journal issue number only if each issue of the journal is paginated individually:
Kralj, M. M. (1994). Getting out of the box.
Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice and Research, 46 (2), 27-28.
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If the article has an assigned DOI, include the DOI in the citation:
Stultz, J.(2006). Integrating exposure therapy and
analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488.
doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Article: Online Journal (Web)
Article: Online Journal (Web)
If it doesn't have a DOI, include the URL of the journal home page.
Evnine, S. J. (2001). The universality of logic:
On the connection between rationality and
logical ability. Mind, 110, 335-367. Retrieved
from http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/
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Article: Online Database
If the article has an assigned DOI, include the DOI in the citation:
Stultz, J.(2006). Integrating exposure therapy
and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6(4),
482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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Article: Online Database
If it doesn't have a DOI, include the URL of the journal home page.
Evnine, S. J. (2001). The universality of logic:
On the connection between rationality and
logical ability. Mind, 110, 335-367.
Retrieved from http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/
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Article: Print Magazine
Gawande, A. (2001, July 9). The man
who couldn't stop eating. The New
Yorker, 77, 66-75.
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Article: Online Magazine
Saletan, W. (2001, August 16). The
ethicist's new clothes. Slate.
Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/
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Article: Print Newspaper
Holden, S. (1998, May 16). Frank Sinatra
dies at 82: Matchless stylist of pop.
The New York Times, pp. A1, A22-A23.
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Article: Online Newspaper
From an online database
Cowell, A. (2001, September 3). Britain
faces flurry of illegal migrants using
channel tunnel. New York Times.
Retrieved from http://nytimes.com
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Article: Online Newspaper
From the Web
Wright, S. (2001, January 25). Curriculum
2000 draws criticism. The Chronicle.
Retrieved from http://www.ch.duke.edu
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More Information at Nova University: Article Citations Video
http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/video/FormatJournalArticle_APA6th/
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Website
"When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to give
the address of the site in only the text.
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for
children (http://www.kidspsych.org).
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Website
Citing a page within an entire website is not specifically addressed in the 6th edition. Rule 7.09 , 61
Suggestion:
Wilson, K. (2007). Today in health.
Retrieved from http://www.todayhealth/
org/press/Purdue University Writing Lab
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What other types of sources might you need to list on your reference page?
Study the basics of APA citation format. When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up!
Reference Page
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When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When quoting any words that are not your ownQuoting means to
repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks
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When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When summarizing facts and ideas from a source Summarizing means to take ideas from
a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source Paraphrasing means to use the ideas
from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
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Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability Keep references brief Give only information
needed to identify the source on your reference page
Do not repeat unnecessary information
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Handling Quotes in Your Text
Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
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Sometimes additional information is necessary . . . More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses
(Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; Showalter, 1997) Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al, 1998) Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
Handling Parenthetical Citations
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Handling Parenthetical Citations
If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)
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Handling Parenthetical Citations
A reference to a personal communication:Source: email message from C. Everett KoopCitation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)
A general reference to a web siteSource: Purdue University web siteCitation: (http://www.purdue.edu)
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Handling Parenthetical Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).
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There are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Handling Quotes in Your Text
More Information at Nova University: In Text Citation Video
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http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/video/TextCitations6thed/
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More Information
Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
APA Sample Paper
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/
C. G. O’Kelly Library reference@wssu.edu 336-750-2454 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Sixth Edition TEXTBOOKS (LIB USE ONLY) BF76.7 .P83 2010
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Where can you go for additional help with APA documentation?
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Heavilon 226 Grammar Hotline:
(765) 494-3723 Check our web site:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu Email brief questions:
owl@owl.english.purdue.edu
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Evaluation
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