Transcript
Joints
Anatomy & Physiology
ivyanatomy.com
Chapter 8
The science of joints is called arthrology.
Joints (articulations)
Joints (Articulations):• Functional junctions between bones
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions
Functional Classification of Joints (based on amount of movement)• Synarthrotic = immovable
• Amphiarthrotic = slightly moveable
• Diarthrotic = fully movable
Structural Classification of Joints (by types of tissue):• Fibrous joint = dense connective tissue
• Cartilaginous joint = bones connected by cartilage
• Synovial joint = contains a synovial membrane
Joint Classification
Syndesmosis:• Bones are connected by a sheet of
dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
• Amphiarthrotic• Example: between tibia and fibula
Fibrous JointsFibrous joints are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact•There are 3 types of fibrous joints:
• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
Fibrous JointsSuture:• Between flat bones of skull• Thin layer of connective
tissue (sutural ligament)
connects bones• Synarthrotic (immovable)
Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a
socket in jawbone• Tooth in jawbone by periodontal ligament• Synarthrotic (immovable)
Periodontal ligaments
Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints:• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
Synchondrosis:• Bones are joined by a band of hyaline cartilage• epiphyseal plates in children (ossification
converts this to a synostosis)• Between first rib and manubrium• Synarthrotic
synchondrosis joints
Symphysis• A pad of fibrocartilage
between two bones
• pubic symphysis
• intervertebral discs
• Amphiarthrotic movement.
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints are Freely movable (Diarthrotic)
Synovial Joints include:• Articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid
• Joint cavity – filled with synovial fluid
• Joint capsule – dense connective tissue that stabilizes and protects joint
Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints (continued):
• Ligaments – bundles of collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule
• Menisci (sing. Meniscus) – pad of fibrocartilage that separates some joints.
• Bursa – sac filled with synovial fluid. • Bursitis = inflammation of bursa
Bursae surrounding the knee joint.
Synovial Joints
Ball-and-socket • rounded head + cup-shaped socket.• Movement in all planes (multi-axial).• Allows for flexion/extension;
abduction/adduction; and rotation• Includes hip joint and shoulder joint.
Condylar joint• Oval condyle + elliptical socket• Movements in most planes (bi-axial)• Allows flexion/extension and
abduction/adduction, but no rotation• Temporomandibular Joint• Wrist Joint• Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane (Gliding) Joint• Flattened bones slide across each other• Includes carpals and tarsals• ribs 2-7 articulate with sternum
Hinge joint• Increases/decreases angel
between bones• Includes elbow joint• Joints between phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint• Rotation around a central axis (uni-axial)• Joint between radius and ulna• Joint between atlas (C1) and axis (C2).
Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle Joint• 2 concave bones positioned at right angles• Includes metacarpal and carpal of thumb
Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).
Abduction = movement away from the midline(think of someone being abducted, or taken away)
Adduction = movement towards the midline (think of adding together)
Joint Movements
Flexion = decreases the angle of a joint• Bend elbow
Extension = increases the angle of a joint• Extend elbow
Hyperextension = extension beyond the anatomical position
• bend hand back, bend head back beyond anatomical position
Joint Movements
Rotation = movement around a central axis• Twisting the head from side to side• Lateral Rotation/ Medial Rotation
Circumduction = movement so end follows a circular path
• moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand.
Joint Movements
Elevation = raising a part• Shrugging the shoulders
Depression = lowering a part• Drooping the shoulders
Protraction = moving a part forward• thrusting head forward
Retraction = moving a part backward• pulling the head backward
Joint Movements
Supination = turning the hand so the palm faces upward or anteriorly
Pronation = turning the hand so the palm faces downward or posteriorly
Dorsiflexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the sky
Plantar flexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the ground
Joint Movements
Eversion = turning the foot so the planter surface faces laterally
Inversion = turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
Joint Movements
The knee joint is the largest and most complex synovial joint in body.
Two distal condyles of the femur articulate with two proximal condyles of the tibia. This is a condylar joint.
The femur also articulates anteriorly with the patella. This is a plane joint.
Knee Joint
1. Synovial Membrane• Secretes synovial fluid
2. Joint Cavity • Stores synovial fluid
3. Joint Capsule• Relatively thin support• Reinforced by several
ligaments and tendons
General structures of a synovial joint in the knee
Knee Joint
• Patellar tendon - (quadriceps femoris tendon) • The patella is partially enclosed in tendons
fused together from the thigh muscle.
• Patellar ligament – continuation of patellar tendon. Extends from patella to the tibial tuberosity.
Several ligaments and tendons strengthen the knee joint.
Knee Joint
• Tibial (medial) collateral ligament – connects medial condyle of femur with medial condyle of tibia.
• Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament – connects lateral condyle of femur with head of fibula.
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament and
• Posterior Cruciate Ligament – provide additional support to medial surface of tibia and femur
Ligaments continued:
Knee Joint
Two menisci (medial & lateral meniscus) separate the femur and tibia, and align them.
Knee Joint
Three major bursae surround the knee joint.
1. Suprapatellar bursa• Largest bursa in body
2. Prepatellar bursa• Between patella and skin• Housemaid’s knee =
prepatellar bursitis
3. Infrapatellar bursa
Knee Joint
Sprain = overstretching or tearing of connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, or cartilage) associated with a joint.
However, the bones are not disarticulated.
Joint Disorders
Arthritis = inflamed, swollen, and painful joints.
1. Osteoarthritis• Most common arthritis
• Occurs with aging
• Articular cartilage degenerates, causing bone to rub against bone.
• Results in stiff and painful joints
• Fingers may appear gnarled and knee may bulge.
Osteoarthritic fingers often take on a gnarled appearance.
Joint Disorders
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis• Autoimmune disorder (immune
system attacks tissue)
• Synovial membrane thickens & becomes inflamed
• Mass of fibrous connective tissue (Pannus) invades synovial space.
• Fibrous pannus destroys articular cartilage, and the joints may swell and ossify.
A hand affected by untreated rheumatoid arthritis. Note: Knuckles may swell as a result of rheumatoid arthritis.
Other symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis:• low-grade fever, fatigue, appetite, stiffness.
Joint Disorders
AttributionAttribution• Flexion/Extension X-rays By Cervical_Xray_Extension.jpg: Stillwaterising Cervical_Xray_Extension_view.jpg: Stillwaterising derivative
work: F. Lamiot [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cervical_XRayFlexionExtension.jpg
• Leg Bones By Anatomist90 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Slide1dede.JPG
• Sagittal Suture By Sobotta's Atlas and Text-book of Human Anatomy 1909 (File:Sobo 1909 46.png) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Sobo_1909_46_-_sagittal_suture.png
• Rib cage Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray112.png
• Intervertebral disc By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/902_Intervertebral_Disk-02.jpg
• Cartilaginous joints (epiphyseal plate and pubic symphysisi) By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/906_Cartiliginous_Joints.jpg
• Synovial Joint Structure By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/907_Synovial_Joints.jpg
• Bursae of the knee joint. By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/908_Bursa.jpg
• Shoulder Joint Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png
• Temporomandibular Joint Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray309.png
• Types of Synovial Joints By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/909_Types_of_Synovial_Joints.jpg
• Types of Synovial Joints By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg
• Body Movements By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg
• Body Movements II By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Body_Movements_II.jpg
• Knee Joint Anatomy Anterior View. By Anatomist90 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Slide2bib.JPG
• Knee Diagram By Mysid [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Knee_diagram.svg
• Capsule of Right Knee Posterior View. Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Gray352.png
• Osteoarthritis fingers By Drahreg01 (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Heberden-Arthrose.JPG
• Hand of Rheumatoid Arthritis By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPG
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