AP Biology 2008-2009 Cells & Cell Organelles How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and different?

AP Biology 2008-2009

Cells & Cell Organelles

How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and different?

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Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies

bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!

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Types of Cells There are 2 Types of cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotic cells are cells that have their DNA contained in a nucleus.

Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Prokaryotic cells: Cells that do not contain a nucleus.

Examples: Bacteria

All Bacteria are Prokaryotes

All Prokaryotes are Bacteria

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Cell size comparison

Bacterial cell

Animal cell

micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

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Bacteria cellsBacteria cells

Types of Prokaryotic Cells

Very Simple Cells Cell parts include: Cell membrane, Cell wall,

Cytoskeleton, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes

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Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Very Complex cells Cell parts include: Everything a prokaryotic

cell had plus lots more.

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

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Organelles Do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive

Model Animal Cell

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Cell membrane Found in ALL Cells Function

controls what enters or leaves cell O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells

Structure phospholipid bilayer

double layer of fat receptor molecules

proteins

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

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Phospholipids Phosphate heads: Hydrophilic (love

water)

Lipid tails: Hydrophobic (fear water)

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

Water Outside the cell

Water Inside the cell

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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

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Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm: Jelly like liquid in cells.

Found in all cells Holds Organelles in place

Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cell. Found in all cells Gives the cell shape Act as “highways” for transport inside the

cell.

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Cytoskeletons Picture

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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

cytoskeletonprotein fibers that give cells shape

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Cell Wall Cell Wall: Provides protection and

support for the cell. Can be made of Carbohydrates,

Proteins, or Both Outside of the cell membrane Found in Plant & Bacteria Cells

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Ribosomes Found in ALL Cells

Thousands of them in each cell Function

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from

DNA Structure

Made of a type of RNA Very small

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Ribosomes

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Cellular Energy

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Function make ATP energy from glucose

fuels the work of life

Structure double membrane Contains its own DNA

Mitochondrion (Mitochondria)

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

ATP

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Chloroplast(s) Found in Plant cells Function

photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars

transform solar energy into chemical energy

Structure Double membrane Contains its own DNA

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Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2

cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP

Chloroplasts Have their own DNA photosynthesis

make energy + sugar from sunlight

sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy

Plants make energy two ways!

ATP

sugar

ATP

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Mitochondria are in both cells!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast

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Cellular Transport

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Vacuoles & vesicles Function

Vacuole: Storage

Vesicle: moving material around cell

Structure membrane sac

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food inside cell

vesicle

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Food & water storage

plant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuole

contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole

food vacuoles food vacuoles

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Lysosome(s)

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food

lysosomes

Function digest food clean up & recycle

digest broken organelles

Structure membrane sac of

digestive enzymes

digesting brokenorganelles

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Proteins do all the work!

cellsDNA proteins

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!

signals

structure

enzymes

receptors

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

part of protein factory helps complete the

proteins makes membranes

Structure rough ER

ribosomes attached works on proteins

smooth ER makes membranes

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vesiclescarrying proteins

Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins

like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”

Structure membrane sacs

Golgi Apparatus

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Cell Cycle

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Nucleus Found in all Eukaryotic Cells Function

control center of cell protects DNA

instructions for building proteins

Structures nucleolus

ribosome factory Chromosomes made of DNA

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Centrioles Only found in Animal Cells Function

help coordinate cell division Structure

one pair in each animal cell “motor” proteins

AP Biology 2008-2009

That’s mycellular story…

Any Questions?