Anatomy study of structure and shape of body body parts and body parts in relation to another Gross Anatomy Large easily observable structures Ex. heart,

Anatomy

study of structure and shape of bodybody parts and body parts in relation to

another Gross Anatomy

Large easily observable structures Ex. heart, bones, skin

Microscopic AnatomySmall structures

Ex. cells and tissues

Physiology

study of how the body works and functions

Neurophysiologyhow the nervous system works

Cardiac PhysiologyHow heart and blood vessels work

Anatomy & Physiology Structure determines function

(anatomy) (physiology)

Examples: Heart

muscular chamber = pumping blood Lungs

thin walls = gas exchange

Levels of Organization

Chemicals Atoms Molecules Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms

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Integumentary System

SkinExternal covering of the bodyFunctions

Waterproofs, cushions and protectsTemperature control

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Skeletal System

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and jointsFunctions

SupportsProtects

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Muscular System

Skeletal musclesFunctions

LocomotionSupport

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Nervous System

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and sensory receptorsFunctions

Control systems of the bodyRespond to stimuli

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Endocrine System

Produce hormonesFunctions

Slowly controls systems of the bodyLong term changes in organ systems

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Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood VesselsFunctions

Transportation of cells and mineralsBlood to tissue

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Lymphatic System

Immune systemComplements cardiovascular

FunctionDefense against infections

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Respiratory System

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Gas exchange in lungsFunction

Constant supply of O2

Removes CO2

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Digestive System

Tube from mouth to anusFunction

Process foodAbsorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins,

and H2O

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Urinary System

Excretory systemUrinary bladder, ureters, and

urethraFunction

Disposes of wasteMaintains water/salt and acid/base

Reproductive System

FemaleOvary, uterus, and vagina

MaleScrotum, testis, and penis

FunctionDisposes of wasteMaintains water/salt and acid/base

Life FunctionsBoundariesMovementResponsivenessDigestionMetabolismExcretionReproductionGrowth

BoundariesExternal vs. Internal

External - skinProtects from desiccation, bacteria,

heat, sunlight, and chemicals

Internal - cellsAllows necessary substances inKeeps damaging substances out

MovementExternal

Muscular and skeletal system

InternalBlood, food, and urine through

organs

ResponsivenessSenses changes in environment

and reacts

DigestionBreaks down food for absorptionDelivered to cells through

cardiovascular system

MetabolismAll chemical reactions that happen in

body cells

Examples: Complex into simple Make larger structures from smaller Produce ATP

Excretion

Removes wasteDigestive system

Indigestible foodUrinary system

Metabolic waste through urine

Reproduction

Production of offspringCells

Divide then used for body growth and repair

OrganismSperm and eggs

Growth

Increase in cell #Cell making > cell destroying

Survival Needs

NutrientsO2

H2OBody tempAtmospheric Pressure

Nutrients

Chemicals used for energy and cell building Carbohydrates - provides energy for body

cells Proteins - essential for building cell Fats - essential for building cell, cushion

body organs, reserve fuel Vitamins and Minerals - needed for

chemical reactions, O2 transport in blood

Oxygen (O2)Needed for chemical reactions that

release energy from food20% of air

Water (H2O)60-80% of body weightFluid base for secretions and

excretionsIngested from foods and liquidsLost by evaporation

Body Temperature

Maintained by activity of skeletal muscles

98˚F or 37˚CDecreases

Metabolic reactions decreaseIncreases

Proteins break down

Atmospheric Pressure

Force exerted on body by weight of airExchange of O2 and CO2 (breathing)

depends on atm. pressure