Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care Chapter 8 Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous System.

Anatomy and Anatomy and Physiology for Physiology for

Emergency CareEmergency CareChapter 8Chapter 8

Neural Tissue and the Central Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous SystemNervous System

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Afferent divisionAfferent division Efferent divisionEfferent division

Somatic Nervous systemSomatic Nervous system Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Functional Overview of the Functional Overview of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Anatomy of a Multipolar Anatomy of a Multipolar NeuronNeuron

Cellular Organization in Neural Cellular Organization in Neural TissueTissue

NeuronsNeurons Functional Classification of NeuronsFunctional Classification of Neurons

Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons InterneuronsInterneurons

General Structure of NeuronsGeneral Structure of Neurons Structural Classification of NeuronsStructural Classification of Neurons

NeurogliaNeuroglia AstrocytesAstrocytes OligodendrocytesOligodendrocytes MicrogliaMicroglia Ependymal cellsEpendymal cells Schwann cellsSchwann cells

Structural Classification of Structural Classification of NeuronsNeurons

Neuroglia in the CNSNeuroglia in the CNS

Schwann Cells and Peripheral Schwann Cells and Peripheral AxonsAxons

NeurophysiologyNeurophysiology

The Membrane PotentialThe Membrane Potential Factors Responsible for the Membrane Factors Responsible for the Membrane

PotentialPotential Changes in the Membrane PotentialChanges in the Membrane Potential

Graded PotentialsGraded Potentials Action PotentialAction Potential

The Generation of an Action PotentialThe Generation of an Action Potential Conduction of an Action PotentialConduction of an Action Potential

DemyelinationDemyelination

The Cell Membrane at the The Cell Membrane at the Resting PotentialResting Potential

An Action PotentialAn Action Potential

Conduction of Action Conduction of Action Potentials over Unmyelinated Potentials over Unmyelinated

and Myelinatedand Myelinated

Synaptic CommunicationSynaptic Communication

Structure of a Structure of a SynapseSynapse Presynaptic neuronsPresynaptic neurons Postsynaptic neuronsPostsynaptic neurons Synaptic cleftSynaptic cleft

Synaptic Events and Synaptic Events and NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

Step 1Step 1 Step 2Step 2 Step 3Step 3 Step 4Step 4 Acetylcholine (Ach)Acetylcholine (Ach) NorepinephrineNorepinephrine DopamineDopamine GABAGABA SerotoninSerotonin

Neuronal PoolsNeuronal Pools

DivergenceDivergence ConvergenceConvergence Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing

Introduction to ReflexesIntroduction to Reflexes

The Reflex ArcThe Reflex Arc

Anatomical Organization of the Anatomical Organization of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Anatomy of the Nervous Anatomy of the Nervous SystemSystem

The MeningesThe Meninges Dura materDura mater ArachnoidArachnoid Pia materPia mater

Blood Brain Blood Brain BarrierBarrier

The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord

Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy Sectional AnatomySectional Anatomy

Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal CordCord

The BrainThe Brain Major Divisions of the BrainMajor Divisions of the Brain Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain

Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid The CerebrumThe Cerebrum

Structure of the Cerebral Structure of the Cerebral HemispheresHemispheres

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Motor and Sensory Areas of the CortexCortex

Association AreasAssociation Areas Cortical ConnectionsCortical Connections Cerebral Processing CentersCerebral Processing Centers

General interpretive AreaGeneral interpretive Area Speech CenterSpeech Center Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex

MemoryMemory Hemispheric SpecializationHemispheric Specialization ElectroencephalogramElectroencephalogram

The BrainThe Brain

The BrainThe Brain Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain

The BrainThe Brain

Circulation of Cerebrospinal FluidCirculation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

The BrainThe Brain

Cerebral HemisphereCerebral Hemisphere

The BrainThe Brain Hemispheric SpecializationHemispheric Specialization

The BrainThe Brain

Cerebral nucleiCerebral nuclei Caudate nucleusCaudate nucleus Amygdaloid bodyAmygdaloid body

The BrainThe Brain

Limbic SystemLimbic System

The BrainThe Brain

The DiencephalonThe Diencephalon ThalamusThalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus

The MidbrainThe Midbrain The PonsThe Pons The CerebellumThe Cerebellum The Medulla The Medulla

OblongataOblongata

Aging and the Nervous Aging and the Nervous SystemSystem

Reduction in brain size and weightReduction in brain size and weight Reduction in the number of neuronsReduction in the number of neurons Decrease in blood flow to the brainDecrease in blood flow to the brain Changes in synaptic organization of the Changes in synaptic organization of the

brainbrain Intracellular and extracellular changes in Intracellular and extracellular changes in

the CNS neuronsthe CNS neurons

SummarySummary

Emergency Care Emergency Care ApplicationsApplications

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Medical Disorders of the Medical Disorders of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular Accident (Brain Accident (Brain Attack)Attack)

Transient Ischemic Transient Ischemic AttacksAttacks

Seizure DisordersSeizure Disorders

Nervous System InfectionsNervous System Infections

MeningitisMeningitis Viral MeningitisViral Meningitis Unusual Forms of Unusual Forms of

MeningitisMeningitis Parasitic Brain Parasitic Brain

InfectionsInfections Brain AbscessBrain Abscess EncephalitisEncephalitis Prion DiseasePrion Disease

HeadacheHeadache

Migraine HeadacheMigraine Headache Cluster HeadacheCluster Headache Tension HeadacheTension Headache

Neurological TraumaNeurological Trauma Blunt TraumaBlunt Trauma

Diffuse InjuriesDiffuse Injuries Focal InjuriesFocal Injuries

Penetrating TraumaPenetrating Trauma Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord Injuries

Cord concussionCord concussion Cord contusionCord contusion Cord compressionCord compression Cord lacerationCord laceration Complete transectionComplete transection Incomplete transectionIncomplete transection Cord hemorrhageCord hemorrhage

Spinal Cord Spinal Cord SyndromesSyndromes Anterior cord Anterior cord

syndromesyndrome Central-cord syndromeCentral-cord syndrome Brown-Sequard Brown-Sequard

syndromesyndrome Spinal shockSpinal shock

Neurological TraumaNeurological Trauma

Focal InjuriesFocal Injuries

Penetrating TraumaPenetrating Trauma

Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord Injuries

SummarySummary