Anatomy and medicine. Anatomic terminology. Some definitions Morphology -form that structures take on. -Morphology affects function Structure -a part.
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Some definitions Morphology -form that structures take on. -Morphology affects function Structure -a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small)
or macroscopic (large). Function -refers to physical behavior. What a structure does. -Function is related to structures=Functional
Morphology
Normal vs. Abnormal -We must understand the normal
situation to be able to compare it with and recognize the abnormal.
Topographic Anatomy -Structures on the surface of the skin
can be used to identify and locate deeper structures, organs, and tissues beneath the skin.
Structure defines and restricts function.
- certain joints can only move in one direction. For example a hinge joint can only have motion perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral direction because that goes against the axis.
Anatomy
GROSS HISTOLOGY
Structures can only be seen with a microscope
Structures can be seen withthe naked eye.
Surface Anatomy
Study of shapes and landmarkson the surface of the body
Cells and cell parts
Dissection
Systemic
Regional
All structures of a region are studied together
All structures with related functions are studied together
Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.
Anatomical Axes - axes are like skewers which pass through the body. They are used to describe axes about which rotation movements take place - very similar to the pin in a door hinge. The door moves in a plane around an axis - the plane is determined by the orientation of the pin in the hinge.
Anatomical Position
This is a reference position that allows for the use of consistent directional terminology.
All descriptions of location are made from within anatomical position.
Subject is facing forward with palms forward, thumbs facing to the sides.
Anatomical Position
This is the position from which all directions and descriptions are made.
The person is standing erect, palms facing anteriorly, feet together and facing forward.
The Extremities have a different set of terms
The upper arm is
PROXIMAL
The arm is
DISTALTO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY
The umbilicus is ANTERIOR to the gluteus maximus.
IN FRONT OF
The gluteus maximus is POSTERIOR to the umbilicus.
IN BACK OF
BACK FRONT
Also called VENTRAL
Also called DORSAL
CORONAL
P
L
A
N
E
In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged animals, the head is SUPERIOR to the tail.
In four legged animals, the region toward the head is CRANIAL. The region toward the tail is CAUDAL.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What is the relationship?
knee to thigh
Nipple to belly button
Chin to eyes
Little toe to big toe
ORIGIN – attachment of muscle on a fixed point, closest to midline
INSERTION – attachment of muscle that is moveable, farthest from midline.
THIGH BONE (FEMUR) L
EG BONE
DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR MUSCLES
Medial vs. Median
A median structure is one which is in the median (midline) plane of the body
(such as the sternum, the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis).
The term medial is a relative term and must be used to compare two
structures; one structure being medial or closer to the median plane of the
body than the other structure.
Hands and Feet:
Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface or palm of the
hand.
Plantar means the inferior surface or sole of the foot.
Dorsum of the hand and foot
refers to the superior surface of the foot and posterior surface of
the hand.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or opposite sides of the
body, respectively.
Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body, e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral
structures.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;
e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.
Organization of the Human Body
The body is organized from the smallest part to the largest part.
Chemical Level - atoms, molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, nucleic acids Cellular Level -simplest structural unit -basic unit of life -smallest unit that can live on its own
Tissue Level
- a group of cells with common origin, structure, and function.
- cells within a tissue all work toward a common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition, etc.)
Organ Level
- a group of tissues that have a common function.
Organ System Level
- a group of organs with a special function.
- Digestive System, Nervous System, etc… Organismal Level
- A group of organ systems that at some point in time is capable of sustaining life.
- All organ systems work together in an organism.
Human Body Plan
Vertebrates Have Some Common Features
1. Tube within a tube body plan
inner tube – mouth to anus
- respiratory organs
- digestive organs
outer tube – axial skeleton
- axial musulature
2. Bilateral Symmetry
- left half of the body is a mirror image of the right half.
- structures in the median plane are unpaired, but have identical left and right sides.
3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- develops into the brain and spinal cord.
4. Notochord
- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.
- present in the embryo, but is replaced by
the vertebrae later in development.
5. Segmentation
- repeating units of similar structures running along the length of the trunk.
- examples include the ribs and intercostal muscles and the vertebral column.
6. Pharyngeal Pouches
- pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of a fish.
- present in the embryo only.
Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity Ventral Body Cavity - contains the viscera - 2 divisions 1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinum c. Pericardium 2. abdominal cavity a. Abdomen b. Pelvis Serous Cavities - 2 layers parietal layer - outer walls of the cavity visceral layer – inner layer covers the visceral
organs water between the membranes is a watery
fluid
The abdomen is divided into four quadrants which are further subdivided into nine regions.
Each region is named for its relationship with the umbilicus.
Clinically, each region is associated with specific organs.
Fertilization: Four Major Steps
1. Sperm contacts the egg
2. Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg
3. Egg becomes activated and developmentalchanges begin
4. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse
Words to know… Fuse- to physically join together Ovum – egg cell (female gamete) Cleavage – process of cell division during
development Differentiation – the process of forming different
kinds of cells from similar cells of the early embryo Embryo – an organism in an early stage of
development Morula – solid ball of cells formed from cleavage Blastula – hollow ball of cells formed from cleavage Gastrula – a hollow ball of cells with an “in pushing”
and 3 layers (germ layers)
Development of the zygote, the study of which is known as embryology or developmental biology.
The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage.
The stages of development are: Fertilized ovum (zygote) 2-cell stage 4-cell stage 8-cell stage Morula Blastula Early Gastrula Late Gastrula
The Regents Diagram…
Sperm and ovum
1. Zygote (fertilized ovum)
2. 2-cell stage
3. 4-cell stage
4. Morula
5. Blastula
6. Gastrula
Differentiation (Organogenesis) Organogenesis is the formation of the organs (Organo =
organs, genesis = creation) Arises from the layering of cells that occurs during
gastrula stage The layers are germ layers; they have specific fates in
the developing embryo: – Endoderm
• The innermost layer• Goes on to form the gut
– Mesoderm• In the middle• Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system, blood and
many different organs– Ectoderm
• The outermost• Goes on to form the skin and nervous system
Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the gastrula)
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Nervous system
Skeleton Digestive tract
Epidermis of skin
Muscles Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Liver, pancreas
Gonads Bladder
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