Ami Flowers Luis Candelario 2014 International Issues in Conservation.
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Ami Flowers Luis Candelario
2014
International Issues in Conservation
Approximately 9600 bird species in the world
Believed to have reptilian origin (150 mya)
Jurassic periodArchaeopteryx
lithographica“Ancient wing inscribed in
stone”Largest– Ostrich at
317lbsSmallest – Scintillant
Hummingbird at 2.25 g
6-9 ft
6.5 cm
FEATHERS!Skeletal System
Bones hollow or thinBones fused
Skin Glands (lack of)Uropygial gland at
base of tail Waterproof feathers
Excretory SystemLack urinary bladderUric acid – highly
concentrated
Reproductive SystemOne working ovary
(left)Gonads enlarge during
breeding seasonOviparous
Digestive SystemEat high calorie foodsQuick digestion (1 hr)
Nervous SystemWell-developed brainExcellent eye sightAnosmic – reduced or
no sense of smell
Contour FeatherForm outline of the
bodyRemiges – flight
feathersRetrices – tail feathers
SemiplumesPlumaceous – loose-
vanedLack hamuli (hooks)Under contour feathersAid in insulation and
buoyancy
FiloplumesHair-likeSmall vane at
tip or no vane
Aid in sensing
DownSoft feathers lacking
vanesShort rachusBeneath contour feathersAid in insulation
BristlesVanelessFound around eyes,
mouth, nostrilsFor sensory and air
filtration
AnisodactylHallux is behind and
the other three toes are in front
Passerines
ZygodactylToes arranged in
pairsTwo up front, two in
the backWoodpeckers
SyndactylThird and fourth
toes fusedKingfishers
PamprodactylAll four toes are
forwardHummingbirds
and Swifts
PalmateFront three toes are
webbedDucks and gulls
SemipalmateAnterior of toes half-
webbedPlovers
TotipalmateAll four toes are
webbedComorants
LobateToes are lobedGrebes
SongsLocal vocal displays
with specific repeated patterns
Species specificMainly by malesFunctions to
identify:SpeciesSexTerritoryVigor (mating)
CallsShort, simple
vocalizationsOften a single noteIntra/interspecificBoth males and
femalesVariety of functions:
WarningFeedingNestFlocking
In Botswana and South Africa
Order Pelicaniformes Family Ardeidae
Grey Heron
Family Ciconiidae Saddle-billed Stork
Family ThreskiornithidaeHadeda Ibis
Family ScopidaeHammerkop
Family CharadriidaeBlacksmith LapwingWhite-crowned LapwingThree-banded Plover
Order AnseriformesFamily Anatidae
Egyptian Geese
Order ApodiformesFamily Apodidae
African Palm-swift
Family AccipitridaeBateleur
African Fish Eagle
Family AccipitridaeMartial EagleTawny EagleVerreaux’s Eagle
Family AccipitridaeLappett-faced
VultureWhite-backed
Vulture
Family AccipitridaeWhite-headed
VultureCape Vulture
Lappet-faced Vulture
White-backed Vulture
White-headed Vulture
Cape Vulture
Family StrigidaeVerreaux’s Eagle-owlSpotted Eagle-owlPel’s Fishing OwlPearl Spotted Owlet
Family PhasianidaeCrested Francolin Natal Francolin
Swainson’s Spurfowl
Family NumididaeHelmeted
GuineafowlCrested Guineafowl
Order CaprimulgiformesFamily Caprimulgidae
Fiery-necked Nightjar
Order PteroclidiformesFamily Pteroclidae
Double-breasted Sandgrouse
Family ColumbidaeAfrican Green
Pigeon
Namaqua Dove
Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove
Family ColumbidaeCape Turtle Dove
Red-eyed Dove
Laughing Dove
Family PsittacidaeBrown-headed ParrotGrey-headed ParrotMeyer’s Parrot
Family MusophagidaeGrey Go-away-bird
Family ColiidaeSpeckled MousebirdRed-faced Mousebird
Family AlcedinidaeGiant KingfisherPied KingfisherStriped Kingfisher
Family MeropidaeWhite-fronted Bee-eaterLittle Bee-eater
Family CoraciidaeLilac-breasted
RollerRacket-tailed Roller
Family UpupidaeAfrican Hoopoe
Family PhoeniculidaeGreen Wood-hoopoe
Family BucerotidaeRed-billed Hornbill
Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill
Family PicidaeGolden-tailed WoodpeckerCardinal WoodpeckerBearded Woodpecker
Family LybidaeeBlack-collared
BarbetCrested Barbet
Family BuphagidaeYellow-billed
OxpeckerRed-billed Oxpecker
Family CisticolidaeRattling CisticolaRed-faced CisticolaGrey-backed
CamaropteraYellow-breasted
ApalisTawny-flanked
Prinia
Family DicruridaeFork-tailed Drongo
Family MuscicapidaeSouthern Black
Flycatcher
Family EmberizidaeCinnamon-breasted
BuntingGolden-breasted
Bunting
Family FringillidaeLemon-breasted
CanaryYellow-fronted
Canary
Family EstrilididaeBlue WaxbillGreen-winged
Pytilia
Family SylviideBurnt-necked
EremomelaGreen-capped
Eremomela
Family MalaconotidaeTropical BouBouBrubruBlack-backed PuffbackOrange-breasted
Bush-shrike
Family MotacillidaeAfrican Pied Wagtail
Family PlatysteirnidaeChinspot Batis
Family MuscicapidaeAfrican Stone ChatBearded Scrub-robinWhite-browed Scrub-
robinWhite-throated Robin-
chatWhite-browed Robin-
chat
Family TurdidaeKurrichane Thrush
Family NectariniidaeWhite-bellied SunbirdMarico Sunbird
Family OriolidaeBlack-headed Oriole
Family PyconotidaeDark-capped Bulbul
Family PloceidaeRed-billed QueleaRed-billed Buffalo Weaver
Family PrionopidaeWhite-crested Helmet
ShrikeSouthern White-crowned
Shrike
Family TimaliidaeArrow-marked
Babbler
Family SturnidaeMeve’s Starling
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