Air Pollution Challenges in Southeast Asia Glynda Bathan Deputy Executive Director Clean Air Asia 2 nd ASEAN Chief Justices Roundtable Discussion 8 December.

Air Pollution Challenges in Southeast Asia

Glynda BathanDeputy Executive DirectorClean Air Asia

2nd ASEAN Chief JusticesRoundtable Discussion8 December 2012

Air pollution in Asia risks getting worse again

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20

40

60

80

100

120

PM10

NO2

SO2

WHO annual guideline NO2 – 40 µg/m3

WHO interim target 1 PM10 – 70 µg/m3

WHO annual guideline PM10 – 20 µg/m3WHO daily guideline SO2 – 20 µg/m3

Global Burden of Disease 2000Mortality attributable to leading risk factors

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

High blood pressure

Tobacco

High cholesterol

Underweight

Unsafe sex

Low fruit and vegetable intake

Overweight and obesity

Physical inactivity

Alcohol

Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene

Indoor smoke from solid fuels

Iron deficiency

Urban air pollution

Zinc deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency

Contaminated health care injections

Occupational airborne particulates

Occupational risk factors for injury

Lead exposure

Illicit drugs

Mortality in thousands (Total 55.86 million)

High-mortality developing

Lower-mortality developing

Developed

Ezzati et al. 2002; WHO 2002

Outdoor Air Pollution ranked 13th

Poor air quality: 7 of 10 cities in developing Asia

6

5

31

36

89

58

26

10

9

20

19

Cities developing Asia

Cities developed Asia

20-30

30-50

50-70

70-100

<20

100-150

>150

WHO Interim Target 170 µg/m3

WHO Air Quality Guideline20 µg/m3

PM10 annual average concentrations µg/m3

Particulate matter or “PM” is harmful

6

Asthma, impaired lung function, cardiovascular

illness and deaths

Many sources of PM in Asia

Motorization rates are increasing

Motorization in Asia (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

Vehicle Ownership

401.9072320576622316.66512326341 5082.9314371704 8703.0414823066815088.869806712128527.088733447742607.29295552060

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

GDP per capita (PPP constant 2005)

Cars

per

capit

a

Vietnam

Indonesia

Brunei

Cambodia MalaysiaPhilip-pines Sin-

gapore

Thailand

Lao

Source: Data from the World Bank and Clean Air Asia

2-wheelers are in the majority…

Vehicle Types (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

…but trucks generate most CO2 emissions

Road Transport CO2 Emissions by Vehicle Type (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

Asia remains dependent on diesel

ASIA BAN IND INO LAO

MAL NEP PAK PHI PRC

SIN SRI THA VIE

64% 77% 91%

85%

69% 74%

85% 65% 58%

57%

52%

*Note: share of fuel consumption of diesel was estimated based on vehicle population by fuel type

Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012

31%

31%

62%

Estimated share of diesel in road transport fuel consumption (2010)

14

Exposure zone within 300 to 500 meters from a highway or a major road is most highly

affected by traffic emissions

- Health Effects Institute- Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on

Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. 2010

The Traffic Impact Area in Delhi

55% of the population within 500 meters of a freeway; 50 meters of a major road (Health Effects Institute analysis)

The Traffic Impact Area in Beijing

HEI Analysis: 76% of the Population within 500 meters of a Freeway; 50 meters of a Major Road (Health Effects Institute analysis)

More people moving to cities

120,000people a day

44 millionpeople added to Asian cities every year

1.1 billionPeople added to Asian cities in the next 30 years

ADB

Vehicles are key to Solving the PM2.5 Problem

● Vehicles contribute 22-34% of PM2.5 in megacities, but percentage is growing

● Actual impacts much higher when considering secondary pollution

● Roadside exposure much higher in dense urban areas

18

Micheal Walsh, 2012

PM2.5 Annual Standards 2012

Note: China’s new PM2.5 annual standard (35 µg/m3) is for national implementation in 2016. 2012 implementation of new standard: for Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, PRD, municipalities and provincial capital cities

AQG (10 µg/m3)

IT-3 (15 µg/m3)

IT-2 (25 µg/m3)

IT-1 (35 µg/m3)

Above 35 µg/m3)

No annual PM2.5 standard

No information

Clean Air Asia 2012

Asia goals 2016: monitoring and data

●Air quality monitoring systems and report data publicly

●Air pollution and GHG indicators for transport and energy

Asia goals: policies

●City Clean Air Plans and reports●“Avoid-Shift-Improve” policies for transport●Maintain or improve share of non-motorized

and public transport●Effective programs for in-use vehicles●National green freight programs●Demonstration of clean truck technologies

Low emissions urban development

Ho Chi Minh City 2010

Low emissions urban development

Ho Chi Minh City 2030 BAU

Low emissions urban development

Ho Chi Minh City 2030 Low Emissions

Ahmedabad

Colombo

Ho Chi Minh

Baseline BAU 2030Low

Emissions 2030

Transport CO2: 38%, PM 60%Electricity CO2 61%, PM 45%

Transport CO2: 15%, PM 32%Electricity CO2 30%, PM 68%

Transport CO2: 33%, PM 30%Electricity CO2 40%, PM 38%

China . India . Indonesia . Nepal . Pakistan . Philippines . Sri Lanka . Vietnam

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Clean Air Asia Country Networks

26

Clean Air Asia Center Members

236 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members

• Cities• Environment ministries and government

agencies• Development agencies and foundations• Non-government organizations• Academic and research institutions• Private sector companies and associations

Clean Air Asia Donors in 2012Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorks Foundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell

Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank

More information: www.cleanairasia.org