Agricultural Extension: Pathway to Empowerment and Food Security
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Agricultural Extension: Pathway to Empowerment and Food Security
Phot
o: D
an Q
uinn
, Hor
ticul
ture
Inno
vatio
n La
b
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Andrea BohnKaty Heinz
Cortney EisenmannMaria Jones
Outline for Today
• Introduction
• What is INGENAES?
• Why Extension?– Current Challenges in Extension
• Importance of Gender in Food Security– Gender Gaps in Agriculture
– Gender Equitable Extension
• Linking Nutrition to Agriculture– Challenges to Nutrition Integration in Extension
– Entry Points for Nutrition Integration
• Conclusion
Young woman preparing potatoes.© K. Colverson. Nepal, 12/2015.
What is INGENAES?
Integrating
Gender and
Nutrition
within Agricultural
Extension
Services
IN
GE
N
A
E
S
Current Challenges in Extension
• Environmental degradation and climate change
• Bias towards staple production and new seed varieties and practices
• Capacity constraints at all levels
• Unstable policy frameworks
• Government budgets
• Reaching and engaging women farmers
• Integrating nutrition within services
Importance of Gender in Food Security
Women
43%
Men57%
Agriculture Labor Force in Developing Countries
FAO, 2011 http://www.fao.org/gender/Infographic/en/
• If women and men farmers were given equal access to resources and services, agricultural output in developing countries could increase by 2.5-4%
• Which could reduce the number of undernourished people in the world by 100-150 million!
YIELD GAP BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE FARMERS
Access to land • Ownership and tenure
Access to credit• Disparity in the percentage of female-headed households who access
credit compared to their male-led counterparts
Access to inputs and technologies• Reason behind differences in yields between men and women farmers
Access to extension services • Cultural attitudes, discrimination and a lack of recognition of women’s
roles in in food production
Access to markets• Infrastructure and cultural constraints
Autonomy and agency in decision-making• Women have a traditionally limited role
FAO, 2011; Manfre et al., 2013)
Reducing gendered constraints and impacts can increase the productivity, profitability and nutritional dimension of crop and livestock systems, and thereby improve food security and nutrition outcomes.
Major Gender Gaps in Agriculture
Gender Relations Framework
Adapted from Verhart et al, 2015
Division of Labor
Norms and Values
Access to / control over
resources and services
Intra-household decision making
Consider Women’s and Men’s
perspective
Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity
EQUALITY EQUITY
Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity
EQUALITY EQUITYTRANSFORMATIVE “Out of the Box”
Manfre, C. et al (2013)
Gender-Equitable Extension
See and treat both men and women farmers as clients
Evaluate the impact of extension services on reducing gender disparities in agricultural productivity
Adapt gender-responsive techniques and methods to the local context
Account for time and mobility constraints & adapt to different levels of education and literacy
Use Farmer groups to deliver extension services
Increase the proportion of women extension officers
Equip all extension officers with the knowledge and skills to address men and women farmers equitably
Strengthen marginalized people’s (e.g. women) right to land (ownership, use)
Linking Nutrition to Agriculture. Role of Extension?
Conceptual Pathways between Nutrition and Agriculture
Challenges to Nutrition Integration in Extension
Competing demands, priorities for staff• Production/income?• Food & nutrition security,
family well-being?• Other “extras”:
conservation ag, market linkages…
Extension personnel limited nutrition knowledge• What do staff need to
know? • What should be left to
health frontline workers?
General capacity limitations• Poor extension service
coverage• Teaching approach to
training/knowledge
Varying Nutrition Messages• Hesitation to adopt
mixed messages
Which instrument are diverse ag extension service providers playing, when, and what's the tune?
Conclusion
Questions and Discussion!
Resources GFRAS (2014): The Integration of Nutrition within Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) A Synthesis of Experiences, Lessons, and Recommendations. The full report
is available here.
Helen Keller International. 2014. Nurturing Connections. www.hki.org/our-impact/stories/nurturing-connectionsbangladesh#.VZTJh6b4ijw
IFPRI. 2012. Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project (GAAP) toolkit. Washington DC: IFPRI. Available at: http://gaap.ifpri.info/files/2010/12/GAAP_Toolkit_Update_ FINAL.pdf
IFPRI. 2013. Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity. Available at: www.ifpri.org/publication/genderdifferences-access-extension-services-and-agricultural-productivity
INGENAES Website: http://ingenaes.illinois.edu
Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfield, G., Colverson, K., & Akeredolu, M. (2013). Reducing the gender gap in agricultural extension and advisory services: How to find the best fit for men and women farmers. MEAS Discussion Paper 2. http://dev.meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manfre-et-al-2013-Gender-and-Extension-MEAS-Brief.pdf
Meinzen-Dick, R., Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J., BiermayrJenzano, P., Wilde, V., Noordeloos, M., Ragasa, C., and Beintema, N. 2011. Engendering agricultural research, development, and extension. Washington DC, USA. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/126799
Ragasa, C., Berhane, G., Tadesse, F., & Seyoum Taffesse, A. (2013). Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 19(5), 437-468. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/gender-differences-access-extension-services-and-agricultural-productivity
Reaching Rural Women website: www.reachingruralwomen.org
SPRING (2014): Improving Nutrition through Agriculture Technical Brief Series www.spring-nutrition.org/publications/series/improving-nutrition-through-agriculture-technical-brief-series . The conceptual frameworks of the pathways and principles for improving nutrition through agriculture are described in Brief 1: Understanding and Applying Primary Pathways and Principles. Each subsequent brief explores a different route between agriculture and nutrition: food production, income generation, and women’s empowerment.
Verhart, Noortjje, A. van den Wijngaart,N. Dhamankar, K. Danielsen (2015): Bringing agriculture and nutrition together using a gender lens. Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. www.fsnnetwork.org/bringing-agriculture-and-nutrition-together-using-gender-lens
World Fish. 2013. www.aas.cgiar.org/content/gender-transformative-approach-crucial-successful-agricultural-development
Disclaimer and License
This presentation was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development, USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the
United States Government.
All work by INGENAES is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License
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