Agencies and Surveillance Authority SNFI 2015. Agencies and Surveillance Authority 1.Civics 101, Courts, and the Constitution 2.Executive Agencies 3.PATRIOT.

Agencies and Surveillance AuthoritySNFI 2015

Agencies and Surveillance Authority

1. Civics 101, Courts, and the Constitution

2. Executive Agencies

3. PATRIOT Act

Checks and Balances

Executive agencies

• CIA – Central Intelligence Agency• NSA – National Security Agency• FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation

Central Intelligence Agency

• Purpose: • foreign intelligence

through clandestine operations

• “active intelligence”

• Objectives: • Counter-intelligence• Counter terrorism• Nonproliferation• Cyber intelligence

Federal Bureau of Investigation

• Purpose: • domestic intelligence

and law enforcement • Active-surveillance

• Objectives:• Coordination law

enforcement • COINTELPRO

National Security Agency

• Purpose: • signal intelligence

(SIGNIT) • “passive-intelligence”

• Objectives:• Global monitoring• Data collection and

processing

Supreme Court Decisions and other Landmark Decisions

• Berger V. New York (1967)• Katz v. United States (1967)• Keith v DC of the Eastern District of Michigan and the

United States (1972)• Watergate (1972)• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978)• Executive Order 12333

Patriot Act Cases

• Section 203• Section 206• Section 213• Section 215• Title III• Section 505

Section 203

• “Information Wall”• Sections 203(b) and 203(d)• Amended the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures regarding grand jury

proceedings

• Privacy Implications• Sharing intercepted communications without a court order• Mission Creep/Potential for Abuse

• Counterterrorism• Lack of criteria• Mass, indiscriminate information sharing

Section 206

• Roving Surveillance• “FISA Wiretaps”• FISA Wiretaps vs. Criminal Wiretaps

• Privacy• Intel agencies do not have to specify the target or location of

surveillance• “John Doe” wiretaps• 2005 FBI incident

• Reforms• Narrow search requirements• “Ascertainment” provision

Section 213

• “Sneak and Peek” Searches• Delayed search warrant notifications• Extensive form of domestic surveillance

• Counterterrorism vs. Criminal Investigations• Privacy trade-off• 4th Amendment concerns

• Rate of Use• Substantial increase since 2002

Section 213

Section 215

• Metadata Collection• Metadata vs. Content• USA FREEDOM Act

Reforms

• Scope of the program• “Dragnet operation”

• Counterterrorism• Counter-productive

• Privacy• Metadata is very revealing• Misuse/Abuse

Title III

• Anti-Terrorism Financing Restrictions• Requires financial institutions to impose strict anti-money

laundering measures• Suspicious Activity Reports• Financial Privacy

• Counterterrorism Effectiveness• Hard to track• Difficult to prevent

• Organized Crime• Bulk cash smuggling• Mexican DTOs (drug trafficking organizations)

Section 505

• National Security Letters• Allows the FBI to subpoena business records• Gag order

• Privacy• Scope of NSLs• High use rate• Misuse/Abuse

• Reforms• Impact of the USA FREEDOM Act• President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications

Technologies

FISA, FISC and Section 702

• Section 702• FAA of 2008• Domestic surveillance couched as foreign surveillance

• Poor government oversight• Substantial NSA discretion• Millions of Americans swept up by Sec. 702 searches• Current Reforms/FISC Ineffective

• Fourth Amendment• “Special Needs” doctrine• “Incidental Collection”/Minimization Requirements

FISC and Section 702

• Article III• Lack of adversary process• Cases and Controversies

Implications of Sec. 702

• Privacy• “Incidental collection”• “Backdoor searches”• Content Collection/Storage

• PRISM• NSA program• Privacy• Internet/Cloud Computing

Leaked Information

NSA Reform

• “Rogue Agency”

• NSA Surveillance Programs• Metadata (Section 215)• PRISM/Electronic Content Collection (Section 702)• Project Bullrun