Transcript
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
THE PERIOD OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION
BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY - Forces driving expansion RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW
NATION-STATES OF EUROPE– POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH
ASSERTIVE MONARCHS– DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL
PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM)– NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY– PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS
– INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
Spain, Britain, France, Netherlands
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN EUROPE
DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST – – INCREASE PROFITS – DRIVEN BY THE SPICE TRADE
RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE
A MORE UNIFED SPAIN – – MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND
ISABELLA IN 1469
RECONQUISTA – COMPLETED - 1492
POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE
DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY
QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EUROPEAN EXPANSION
IMPROVED SHIP DESIGN-(CARAVEL) – FASTER, SAFER
THE PRINTING PRESS
MORE RELIABLE AND ACCURATE MAGNETIC COMPASS
INVENTION OF THE CLOCK
– ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE
MORE ACCURATE MAPS
GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS– CANNONS AND MUSKETS
CARAVEL-FASTER SHIPS
PRINTING PRESS- SPREAD INFORMATION
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE MEASUREMENTS
NEW WEAPONS
IMPROVED COMPASS
NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN EXPLORATION
PORTUGAL
AREAS OF INTEREST: -WEST AFRICA-PARTS OF ASIA-SOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)
EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADE-GOLD -SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICA-NEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL
National policies supported exploration and trade
Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade
Large fleet of merchant ships
Strong navigational skills and experience
SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA
African slaves were brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture– Plantations – Farms
Portugal was the major slave trading European nation
SPAIN
AREAS OF INTEREST: – CARIBBEAN ISLANDS– CENTRAL AMERICA– SOUTH AMERICA
(EXCEPT FOR BRAZIL)– MEXICO – SOUTHWEST NORTH AMERICA– PHILIPPINES
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION
SPAIN’S MAJOR EMPHASIS ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER-
Mercantilist economy policies
EXPANSION OF TRADE
FARMING - SUGAR PLANTATIONS
MINING
SOME SLAVE TRADE –– Spain outlawed the slave trade in the
1700’s
SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY– MISSIONARIES
(Jesuit, Dominican, Franciscan)
ACQUISITION OF LAND– NATIONAL AND PERSONAL
ENHANCED PERSONAL PRESTIGE AND SOCIAL STANDING– STRICT SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN SPAIN
DROVE MANY TO SEEK TO IMPROVE THEIR SOCIAL STANDINGSPAIN REMAINED MORE FEUDAL IN
MANY RESPECTS
THE DIVISION OF TERRITORIES:LINE OF DEMARCATION1493
OFFICIAL AGREEMENT THAT DIVIDED THE TERRITORIES CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN THE NEW WORLD
IMAGINARY LINE DRAWN BY POPE ALEXANDER VI
LANDS EAST OF THE LINE-PORTUGAL
LANDS WEST OF THE LINE-SPAIN
LINE OF DEMARCATION (1493) ORIGINALLY DIVIDED THE TERRITORIES. IT WAS MODIFIED TO GIVE MORE LAND TO PORTUGAL Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
ENGLAND
MAJOR AREAS OF INTERST: – EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA– CANADA– INDIA AND PARTS OF EAST ASIA
ENGALND’S MAJOR EMPHASIS
EXPANSION OF TERRITORY TRADE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR MIDDLE
CLASS FLEEING RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPLORERS VASCO DA GAMA- first to sail around the
Cape of Good Hope MAGELLAN-first voyage to circumnavigate the
globe COLUMBUS-first European voyage to arrive in
the New World CORTEZ-conquest of the Aztec Empire in
Mexico PIZARRO-conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru BALBOA-first to see the Pacific- crossed
Panama PONCE DE LEON-explored Florida CORONADO-first European to see the Grand
Canyon and explore the southern US
VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE
MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE
MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE
OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED AND RETURNED TO EUROPE
COLUMBUS- ITALIAN EXPLORER LED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLDfinanced by Spain
4 VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS
CORTEZ- SPANISH – CONQUERED THE AZTECS IN MEXICO
PIZARRO- SPANISH
PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERUTHE ANCIENT INCAN CITY OF MACHU PICCHU
BALBOA
CROSSED THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
FIRST EUROPEAN TO CROSS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC
CORONADO EXPLORED THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST (GRAND CANYON)
LABOR AND INDUSTRY IN THE NEW WORLD
ENCOMIENDATRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS
MINING
SILVER MINES AT POTOSI (BOLIVIA)VAST AMOUNTS OF
GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD
PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION
SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROPNATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS AND PLANTATIONS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY ECONOMIC MODEL
MERCANTILISM
ECONOMIC MODEL BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER (PRECIOUS METALS)
GOLD AND SILVER WERE THE MEASURE OF WEALTH- – NOT BUSINESS OR PRODUCTION
THE PURPOSE OF THE ECONOMY WAS TO SERVE THE STATE – OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH ABSOLUTISM
TRADE FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON EXPORTING AND SELLING GOODS IN THE NEW COLONIES
COLONIES WERE SEEN AS – A SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS– MARKETS FOR EUROPEAN GOODS
THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION –
AGE OF EXPLORAITON
ECONOMIC
RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AN INCREASE IN BUSINESS ACTIVITY
VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER FLOODED INTO EUROPE– PRICES OF GOODS ROSE DUE TO
INLFATION AND MERCANTILIST ECONOMIC POLICIES
– TOO MUCH GOLD AND SILVER DROVE DOWN THE VALUE OF THE CURRENCY
MORE OPPORTUNITES FOR THE RISING MIDDLE CLASS
MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS (PEASANT CLASS) SAW LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR STANDARD OF LIVING
CAPITALISM SLOWLY BEGAN TO EMERGE BY THE 1700’S
POLITICAL
WESTERN EUROPE BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE GLOBE– NEW LANDS WERE CLAIMED AND
COLONIZED– WESTERN POLITICAL MODELS WERE
INSTALLED
THE RIVALRY BETWEEN THE NATION-STATES OF EUROPE INTENSIFIED
INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS GREW
SOCIETAL
SOCIAL VALUES BECAME MORE FOCUSED ON MATERIAL WEALTH AND SOCIAL STANDING
GROWING SECULAR TREND
RISING MIDDLE CLASS BENIFITTED THE MOST FROM NEW ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
POWER AND WEALTH IN THE COLONIES CAME TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE HANDS OF A FEW (EUROPEANS)– STRICT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
HIERARCHY– SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES HAVE
CONTINUED TO PLAGUE THESE REGIONS AS A RESULT OF THIS TREND
– THIS TREND HAS CONTINUED THROUGOUT SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
RELIGIOUS CHRISTIANITY SPREAD ACROSS THE
GLOBE– THE AMERICAS– PARTS OF ASIA
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES WORKED TO CONVERT NATIVE POPULATIONS– THE JESUITS WERE VERY ACTIVE– STARTED MISSIONS– ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BECAME DOMINANT IN MANY COLONIAL REGIONS
VERY OFTEN CONVERSIONS WERE FORCED AND OR COERCED; HOWEVER, MANY TRULY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY OFTEN BLENDED WITH TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES– SYNCRETICISM
GLOBAL
MILLIONS OF AFRICANS WERE IMPORTED TO THE NEW WORLD AS SLAVES
ANIMALS FROM EUROPE WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS– HORSES AND CATTLE
NEW PLANTS AND CROPS WERE EXCHANGED– TOMATOES– POTATOES– CORN– ETC.
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS
NATIVE POPULATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD WERE DECIMATED – ESTIMATED THAT FROM 1500-1600
THE POPULATION DROPPED FROM 20 MILLION TO 2 MILLIONDISEASE AND MALNUTRITIONWAR AND CONFLICTHARSH LABOR
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS MIXED WITH EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS – NEW CULTURAL AND RACIAL
GROUPS EMERGED– BLENDING OF CULTURES
LANGUAGERELIGIONCUSTOMSMUSICART
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS IN MANY WAYS A REFLECTION THE
IDEALS AND VALUES OF THE RENAISSANCE
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