Transcript
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY
AN OVERVIEW
BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY
RISE OF NATIONISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS
INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS
ACTIVITY RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE RECONQUISTA COMPLETED IN SPAIN-
1492
MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION
DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM)
– NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY– PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS
POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE
QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-
STATES OF EUROPE DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE
EAST – INCREASE PROFITS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION
BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN PRINTING PRESS MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK
– ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS
– CANNONS AND MUSKETS
CARAVEL
PRINTING PRESS
ASTROLABE
NEW WEAPONS
IMPROVED COMPASS
MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN
EXPLORATION
PORTUGAL
WEST AFRICAPARTS OF ASIASOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)
MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADEGOLD SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICANEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National policies
strongly supported exploration and trade
Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade
SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA African slaves were
brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture
Portugal was the major slave trading European nation
SPAIN
– CARIBBEAN ISLANDS– CENTRAL AMERICA– SOUTH AMERICA
(EXCEPT BRAZIL)– MEXICO – SOUTH WEST NORTH AMERICA– PHILIPPINES
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION
MAJOR EMPHASIS
ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER EXPANSION OF TRADE FARMING - SUGAR PLANTATIONS SOME SLAVE TRADE – LIMITED
– Spain outlawed the slave trade in the 1700’s ACTIVE IN THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY-
– JESUITS MISSIONARIES ACQUISITION OF LAND-
– NATIONAL AND PERSONAL ENHANCE PERSONAL PRESTIGE AND SOCIAL
STANDING– STRICT SOCIAL HIERARCHY IN SPAIN – (FEUDAL IN MANY RESPECTS)
LINE OF DEMARCATION1493 OFFICIAL AGREEMENT THAT DIVIDED
THE TERRITORIES CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN THE NEW WORLD
IMAGINARY LINE DRAWN BY POPE ALEXANDER VI
LANDS EAST OF THE LINE– -PORTUGAL
LANDS WEST OF THE LINE– -SPAIN
LINE OF DEMARCATION
ENGLAND
EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICACANADAINDIA
MAJOR EMPHASIS
EXPANSION OF TERRITORYTRADENEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR MIDDLE
CLASSFLEEING RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION
MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
VASCO DA GAMA- first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
MAGELLAN-first voyage to circumnavigate the globe COLUMBUS-first European voyage to arrive in the
New World CORTEZ-conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico PIZARRO-conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru BALBOA-first to see the Pacific- crossed Panama PONCE DE LEON-explored Florida CORONADO-first European to see the Grand Canyon
and explore the southern US
VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE
MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE
MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE
OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED AND RETURNED TO EUROPE
COLUMBUS- ITALIANLED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD
CORTEZ- SPANISH
PIZARRO- SPANISH
PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERUTHE ANCIENT INCAN CITY OF MACHU PICCHU
BALBOA
CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
FIRST EUROPEAN TO CROSS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC
CORONADO EXPLORED THE SOUTHWEST (GRAND CANYON)
LABOR AND INDUSTRY IN THE NEW WORLD
ENCOMIENDATRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS
MINING
SILVER MINES AT POTOSIVAST AMOUNTS OF
GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD
PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION
PLANTATIONS-SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROPNATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS AND PLANTATIONS
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY ECONOMIC MODEL
MERCANTILISM BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND
SILVER (PRECIOUS METALS) GOLD AND SILVER WERE THE MEASURE OF
WEALTH- – NOT BUSINESS OR PRODUCTION
THE PURPOSE OF THE ECONOMY WAS TO SERVE THE STATE
TRADE WAS FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON EXPORTING AND SELLING GOODS IN THE NEW COLONIES
LITTLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN BUSINESS COLONIAL HOLDINGS WERE SEEN AS
– A SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS– MARKETS FOR EUROPEAN GOODS
THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION –
AGE OF EXPLORAITON
ECONOMIC
RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH AND AN INCREASE IN BUSINESS ACTIVITY
VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER FLOODED INTO EUROPE
PRICES OF GOODS ROSE DUE TO INLFATION AND MERCANTILIST ECONOMIC POLICIES
EXPANDED OPPORTUNITES FOR THE RISING MIDDLE CLASS
MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS SAW LITTLE IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR STANDARD OF LIVING
CAPITALISM BEGAN TO EMERGE – (EXCEPTION WAS IN SPAIN)
POLITICAL
WESTERN EUROPE BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE GLOBE– NEW LANDS WERE CLAIMED AND
COLONIZED– WESTERN POLITICAL MODELS WERE
INSTALLEDTHE RIVALRY BETWEEN THE
NATION-STATES OF EUROPE INTENSIFIED
INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS GREW
SOCIETAL
SOCIAL VALUES BEGAN TO BE MORE FOCUSED ON MATERIAL WEALTH AND SOCIAL STANDING
GROWING SECULAR TREND RISING MIDDLE CLASS BENIFITTED FROM
NEW ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
POWER AND WEALTH IN THE COLONIES CAME TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE HANDS OF A FEW – SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES HAVE
CONTINUED TO PLAGUE THESE REGIONS AS A RESULT OF THIS TREND
RELIGIOUS
CHRISTIANITY SPREAD ACROSS THE GLOBE– THE AMERICAS– PARTS OF ASIA
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES WORKED TO CONVERT NATIVE POPULATIONS
– THE JESUITS WERE VERY ACTIVE– STARTED MISSIONS– ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BECAME DOMINANT IN MANY COLONIAL REGIONS
VERY OFTEN CONVERSIONS WERE FORCED AND OR COERCED; HOWEVER, MANY TRULY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY OFTEN BLENDED WITH TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
– SYNCRETICISM
GLOBAL
MILLIONS OF AFRICANS WERE IMPORTED TO THE NEW WORLD AS SLAVES
ANIMALS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS– HORSES AND CATTLE
NEW PLANTS AND CROPS WERE EXCHANGED– TOMATOES– POTATOES– CORN– ETC.
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS
NATIVE POPULATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD WERE DECIMATED – ESTIMATED THAT FROM 1500-1600 THE
POPULATION SHRANK FROM 20 MILLION TO 2 MILLION
– DISEASE AND MALNUTRITION– WAR AND CONFLICT– HARSH LABOR
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS MIXED WITH EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS – NEW CULTURAL AND RACIAL GROUPS– BLENDING OF CULTURES
LANGUAGERELIGIONCUSTOMSMUSICART
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS IN MANY WAYS A
REFLECTION THE IDEALS AND VALUES OF THE
RENAISSANCE
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