Adapted Physical Activity (APA): Philosophy and Professional Education Dr. Claudine Sherrill, CAPE* Texas Woman’s University (TWU) Founder of APA Prof.
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Adapted Physical Activity (APA): Philosophy and Professional Education
Dr. Claudine Sherrill, CAPE*Texas Woman’s University
(TWU)Founder of APA Prof Prep,
TWUPast President of IFAPA
*CAPE is the national certification based on APENS knowledge and administered by a prof. organization
Recent Experimentation with Critical Pedagogy: Engaging Future APA Specialist in Reflective and Critical Reasoning•Decided to expose students to critical
pedagogy, an approach in which the teacher systematically shares power (and the decision making) that accompanies it. Sharing power requires trust, so “getting to know each other” in multiple roles is important to teacher and students.
•Autobiographies, journals, and position papers are recommended strategies—Require autobiographies as first homework.
Reflective thinking is interpreting and giving personal meaning to day-by-day experiences. Relating past and present experience to the future. Reflect on how reading and class activities contribute. Keep a journal.
Critical thinking is judging or evaluating, using standards or criteria. Can result in positive or negative outcomes; ask why. Explain why standards or criteria are credible, truthworthy.
•Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, my 1st hero ▫In office 1933 to 1945▫Worst of Times –22% unemployment ▫People in line for food, scared▫Created 1st social welfare and job programs▫Had polio, but kept disability a secret ▫Never seen in wheelchair in public
“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.” - FDR
Born in 1934 in The Great Depression
Raised in small town in Midwest• Indiana: Land of Farms, Corn, Hogs• Parents were young, mother an orphan
and father from poor farm family.• Sickness dominated:• Father sick a lot, genetic disease constant
pain – similar to cancer.• I was sick a lot with sever asthma, until
age 12 – no effective medicine• Shy, absent from school, not allowed outside to play
“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.” - President Franklin D. Roosevelt•19411-1945 – World War II
▫Brought jobs▫Lower Class became Middle Class▫We learned HATE
•Hate is the underlying emotion with regard to:▫Stigma, stereotypes ▫Prejudice
•Emotions can be learned through war •Experienced by people with disabilities
• “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.”
• “I have a dream that the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.”
• “I have a dream that my 4 children will one day live in a nation where they are not judged by the color of their skin by the content of their character. I have a dream today.”
Most famous leader of early Civil Rights Movement: Began in 1954
The Kennedy Family: 8 Children• Pres. John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) – Mentored
PE & recreation for children with intellectual disabilities (ID).
• Oldest sister Rosemary Kennedy had a mild ID, as an adult committed to residential facility.
• Sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver started Special Olympics (1968), active until her death in 2009.
• Sister Jean Kennedy Smith started Arts for the Handicapped Movement (1974).
• Youngest brother Edward Kennedy, spent life in Senate, leading Democratic Party, fighting for rights of all until death in 2009.
• What is the American Dream? “If you work hard, you’ll get ahead! You CAN succeed. You can give your children a better life than you have had. Collectively, we can make the world BETTER.” The dream is the glue that holds us all together. It’s the vague promise that our life will get better over time . . . (Paraphrased from Oct 3, 2010 newspaper)•“. . . the struggles of men and women seeking the American dream . . . . their determination, their self-reliance, a relentless optimism in the face of hardship. . . Having the audacity to believe despite all the evidence to the contrary. . . to believe that we have some control -- and therefore responsibility -- over our own fate”(p. 356, The Audacity of Hope).
Pres. Barack Obama• 1961 Born in Hawaii of white American mother and black
Kenyan father, both attending college (Mixed marriages are still against law in most of 50 states). Maternal grandparents migrated to Hawaii with daughter, were very supportive.
• Father (Barack) was Muslim, raised in Kenya to be a tribal leader; Mother (Ann) was Protestant, ecletic (attended all churches), raised in Kansas. Barack means “blessed by God” in Arabic. During this time, father professed atheism (no religious beliefs).
• Barack’s father, described as “brilliant,” lived with family until Barack was age 2; then left Hawaii for mainland USA scholarships; completed PhD; returned to Kenya.
• At age 6, Barack accompanied Mother to Indonesia, where they lived with 2nd husband, an Asian. Barack attended Catholic school, then Muslim school, in his 5 years there.
Pres. Barack Obama – Diversity• At age 11, returned to Hawaii to live with maternal grandparents during
his adolescent years. Life was predominantly in white neighborhood and schools (extremely unusual at the time). Main interest was basketball. Barack began to experience racial identity crisis, longed for influence of black father.
• Barack attended universities in USA. Had difficulty adjusting to racial prejudice, so accepted job as “community organizer” in poverty-stricken, predominantly black South side of Chicago (Midwest). Attracted to power of African American religious tradition (all-black churches) to spur social change. Embraced the Christian faith, was baptized, joined all-black Trinity United Church of Christ; active in that church until elected President.
• Received PhD from Harvard, returned to Chicago as civil rights attorney, also taught at prestigious University of Chicago Law School. Married black attorney (Michelle), also a graduate of Harvard University, had 2 children. Became involved in politics, was a Democrat, primarily concerned with poverty, ethnicity, and prejudice; human rights, health care for all; and reclaiming the American Dream.
• Elected President 2009
The following are individuals throughout history who have shaped my beliefs, values, & philosophies (personal and professional)
Philosophy Guiding United Nations 2006 Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1. Nondiscrimination: Fight against prejudice2. Respect for difference3. Participation + social inclusion4. Accessibility (Universal Design)5. Equality of opportunity6. Respect for changing capacities7. Health8. Ensuring that health systems provide
adequately/equally for all persons9. Self-esteem and empowerment10. Autonomy/Independence/Intrinsic Motivation
Professional Preparation Model forAPE/APA Service Delivery
Philosophy of APE/APA Direct Service DeliveryVision - Beliefs - Purpose - Domains - Goals - Outcomes
Scientific & Practice Knowledge about Service DeliveryTheories - Principles - Models - Practices
Underlying Assumptions
Job Functionsor Services
Competencies and/or
Standards
ProfessionalRoles
APE Teacher in Special ClassAPE Teacher in MainstreamAPE ConsultantAPA ResearcherAPA In-service & Continuing EdAPA Family WorkerAfterschool Sport Coach
P PlanningA AssessmentP Preparation, Paperwork, & ParticipationT Teaching/Counseling/CoachingE EvaluationC Consulting & CollaborationA Advocacy
APENSSherrill
Textbook
Sherrill
Adapted Physical Activity
Professional Education Paradigm
Theories and Practices Related to Each Component to be Decided
Attitude theories
Service delivery
& job functions theories
Individual differences
(person-environment interactions; ecological)
theories
Physical activity & exercise science theories
Disability Studies,
Empowerment, social science
theories
Debate on Which Develops 1st?•BELIEFS are cognitions; thoughts, ideas, facts, values that are learned.
•ATTITUDE is feeling or emotion, the predisposition to like or dislike, to avoid or approach.
Attitude-First Model
then Beliefs & Intentions
Actions or
Behaviors
Attitudes
Feelings that arise during near distance contact
Far Distance Contact
Indirect Sources
Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, and Touching
Hearing others talk, Seeing others interact,
Reading, Seeing media & print
Popular Attitude Change Modelof Ajzen & Fishbein TheoryBeliefs
Attitude
Intentions or Goals
Actions or Behaviors
Use structured contacts that are
- Frequent - Long duration
- Interactive - Pleasant
- Meaningful - Equal status
- Focused on common goals
- Promoting mutual respect
Contact Theory to Teach Inclusion
“NOTHING ABOUT US WITHOUT US”
•Slogan of disability movement
•Appropriate for any minority group
Consultant invited to evaluate course content & presentation
We ADAPT the way we provide (or deliver) each service.
Adapt planning P
Adapt assessment A
Adapt preparation, paperwork, meetings P
Adapt teaching, counseling, coaching T
Adapt evaluation E
Adapt consultation & collaboration C
Adapt advocacy A
Evaluation
Planning
Teaching/Counseling/Coaching
Preparation/Paperwork/Meetings/ and Written Work
Assessment
Consultation & Advocacy
PAP-TE-CA Service Delivery Model
Adapt Planning School-wideMulticultural
Assess General Ed. Comfort; set up faculty mentors, faculty workshops
Solve problems, when possible,
through moving in different ways to find solutions;
experiment with body parts; explore;
show and tell.
Use personal affirmations:
“Everyone can.” “I can.”
Solve problems, when possible,
through moving in different ways to find solutions;
experiment with body parts;
explore; show and tell.
Adaptation is Making an Outcome or Process Different•Outcome
▫Easier or harder▫More or less enjoyable▫More or less painful
•Process▫FIT (Frequency, Intensity, Time [or
duration])▫Closed vs. Open movement patterns▫Random vs. Same conditions or challenges
Guidelines for Adaptation Theory•ADAPTATIONS BENEFIT EVERYONE. •Involve the target person or group in all
aspects of change; •Adaptation is an active, cooperative
process. Adaptation is NOT something someone does to you or for you. Adaptation is mutual, cooperative.
•Encourage persons with disabilities to INITIATE their own adaptations: “MAY I TRY ANOTHER WAY?”.
Guidelines for Adaptations
• ADAPT variables, not whole people or persons• Consider task, environment, and person
variables and how variables interact (ecological task analysis).
• Think “psychomotor” to emphasize that change affects total ecology (whole person in relation to environment). Change is a holistic process.
• Assess barriers and enablers.• Begin adaptation with assessment of a specific
goal and what needs changed to achieve this goal.
Professional Education @ TWU
Programs with specialization in Adapted Physical Activity
• Bachelor of Science (BS) – 120 hours physical or Special Education
• Master of Science (MS) 36 hours of classes + teacher certification.
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 96 hours + minor
Types of Professional Education (Real & Online; Preservice & Inservice)
• Disability Awareness Activities
• Volunteer Opportunities
▫ Afterschool, Special Olympics
• Peer Teaching 1:1• Readers & Helpers
for blind classmate• Weekend summer
camp counseling
Preservice High School• Recruitment into
APA college specialization
• Mentor to maintain interest
• Scholarships
Preservice Education/Continued Texas Woman’s University (TWU)•Bachelor of Science •Courses in:
▫Liberal arts▫Education ▫APA theory ▫APE Activity/skill ▫Student teaching ▫3 hour APA 1:1 teaching practicum
•Dual major in special ed. recommended
Preservice-BS degreeSame activities as used in high school•Work with campus disability office•Join local, state, national professional
organizations & attend meetings•Volunteer to be a participant in research
projects•Help recruit high school students into
APA•Support local wheelchair sports
Inservice---Professional Ed.•Education after BS degree, while employed•Emphasis on learning to teach “to Standards”
▫ Required school-sponsored group workshops—TX requires 10 days of such workshops every year check this out.
▫ Optional group workshops, many types some paid for by employers.
▫ Consultant - Specialists come to gym & help as co-teachers.
▫ Plans that combine different kinds of consultant help with use of technology
•Continuing Education –3rd type of Prof Ed.
Professional Education
Texas Woman’s University (TWU)• Master of Science (MS) 36 credit hours of
classes • MS students:
• Take classes in academic (scientific theory) • 1-year program• 12 to 15 credits, Fall; 12 to 15 credits, Spring;
12 credits, Summer• Complete practicum experience (practice
theory) in school settings• Perform 15 hours a week of community service
related to APA (about 180 hours each semester)
MS students @ TWU
•Assist with the APA undergraduate practicum course as mentor to undergraduate teachers, Fridays 9am to 12pm
•Coach/organize Special Olympics tournaments, Sport Days for Blind
•Field trips for students with disabilities▫Fishing▫Bowling
•Community-based recreation
PhD students @ TWU•PhD specialization in Adapted Physical Activity
▫ Minimum 96 hours credit hours
•Depending on the student, completion between 3 to 7 years
•Credits distribution: theory courses, practicum courses, research & special topics▫ Behavior Management, Assessment, Disability Sport, Motor
Development, Exercise Prescription-People with Disabilities
•Comprehensive Exams•Dissertation•Minor Courses
▫ Nutrition, Psychology, Family Studies, Exercise Physiology
Supplementary Requirements•State Teaching License, take test, get license,
each State has its own certification system.__________________________________•APENS – Voluntary National Exam for CAPES
certifications•APENS = Adapted PE National Standards•CAPES= Certified APE Specialist•Administered annually at several sites by
National Consortium for PE & Recreation for Individuals with Disabilities (NCPERID)
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