Transcript
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 1/28
MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010The move from the farm to an industry
Jeff Hetrick
Alaska Shellfish Institute
alaskashellfishinstitute@gmail.com
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 2/28
BEFORE 1988• Started 1910
Ø Oysters from JapanØ Peaked at 550 gallons of meat 1943
Ø Closed 1961
1976-1989
Ø Intrepid Wrangell area farmers
Ø ASGA formed
Ø Permitting nightmare
ØSurface trays
Ø Poor oyster survival and unpredictable
Ø Switched to longline lantern nets
Ø Hatchery first proposed 1979
Ø Total reliance on outside seed sources
Ø By 1989 only a single farm left
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 3/28
THE AQUATIC FARM ACT OF1988
“It is the policy of the state to
encourage the establishment and
responsible growth of an aquaticfarming industry …”
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 4/28
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
• 1988 – Prohibition for importation of aquatic species
1990 – Single agency application
• 1995 – Oyster nursery culture began
• 1995 – Littleneck clam fishery for SE Alaska closed
• 1996 – Kachemak Bay Shellfish Mariculture Cooperative
• 1996 – Broadening Shellfish Aquaculture Conference
• 1997 – Tidelands leasing program DNR
• 1997 – Shellfish Hatchery operation began
• 1998 – Denial of on-bottom permit applications
• 2000 – Uniform sampling program ADEC
• 2002 – HB 208: Over the counter sites available
• 2002 – PSP testing changes for geoduck fishery
• 2004 – Shellfish and the Environment Conference
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 5/28
APPLIED
RESEARCH
• 1979 – Oyster growth study
• 1991 – Larval drift paper
• 1995 - 99 – Oyster nursery
• 1999 – Basket cockle hatchery project
• 1999> - Molluscan broodstock program
• 2000- 02 – Cadmium in oysters• 2001 – Littleneck clam growout S.E. AK
• 2001- 2006 – Purple hinge rock scallop growout
• 2005 – Vibrio parahaemolyticus
• 2005 – Oyster marketing – Harrington. MS Thesis
• 2005> - PSP research
• 2006> - Economics of oyster farming
• 2008 – Oyster quality study, statewide seasonal assessment• 2009> – Intertidal geoduck growout
• 2009> - Quality improvement of frozen geoduck clam
• 2009> – Littleneck clam productions scale study
• 2009> - Oyster growout study – floating bag and intertidal
• 2009> - Domoic acid studies – Baseline data, kitdevelopment
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 6/28
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 7/28
MARICULTUREMore than farming•
Shellfish hatcheries• Nursery culture
• Purchasing and sales
• Marketing
• Maintenance services
• Gear sales and fabrication
• Transportation
• Enhancement
• Tourism
• More……
For SaleAquaculture Gear in Stock
New Lantern Nets
CANOON LAGOONOYSTER CO.
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 8/28
THE PACIFIC OYSTER
• Not native to Alaska• Imported seed in
early 1900s
• Industry failed in late1960s
• Restarted again in the
1970s for thehalfshell market
• Only species allowedfor importation
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 9/28
THE OYSTER FARM
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 10/28
Growout
Foulingremoval
Sorting Restocking
HARDENING
HARVEST
FINAL CLEANING
CHILLED DRY STORAGE
MARINE TOXINTESTING
18-24 MONTHS
3-4 WEEKS MOVE FROMFARM
FAILS
Seed theFarm
ALASKAN OYSTER FARMING
3-4 times
PASSES
PACKAGE FOR MARKET
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 11/28
A LITTLENECK CLAM FARMPRODUCTION PLAN
• Determine clam distribution on the beach.
• Estimate the beach population
• Measure clams and graph the length frequencydistribution
• Interpret the length frequency distribution
• Develop the management plan. – Population control, seeding plan, harvest plan
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 12/28
INVENTORY EXAMPLEThe Sampling Design
OCEAN
ROC
K
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 13/28
TYPICAL CLAM BEACH
INVENTORY PLOT
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 14/28
INVENTORY ANALYSIS
Total Length Frequency
0
2
4
6
8
10
1214
16
18
1 4 7 1 0
1 3
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 5
2 8
3 1
3 4
3 7
4 0
4 3
4 6
4 9
5 2
5 5
length (mm)
f r e q u e n c y
Total Length Frequency
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 5 9 1 3
1 7
2 1
2 5
2 9
3 3
3 7
4 1
4 5
4 9
length (mm)
f r e q u e n c y
0
5
10
15
2025
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5
Age in years
L e n g t h (
m m
32
1
4
Total Length Frequency
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 5 9 1 3
1 7
2 1
2 5
2 9
3 3
3 7
4 1
4 5
4 9
5 3
5 7
length (mm)
f r e q u e n c y
3
2
14
32
1 4
Tenass Pass Blue Water
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 15/28
SITE PREPARATION
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 16/28
SEEDING THE BEACH
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 17/28
CURRENT RESEARCH
•
Purple hinge rockscallop
• Intertidal geoduck clamfarming
• Alternative oysterculture
•Sea cucumber farming
• Paralytic shellfishpoison and domoic acidmonitoring
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 18/28
CHANGING
INDUSTRY
>
><
We must give up the way it isIn order to have it the way weWant.
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 19/28
STATEHOOD ACTION
Alaska State ConstitutionArticle VIII Natural Resources
SECTION 3. COMMON USE. Wherever
occurring in their natural state, fish, wildlife,and waters are reserved to the people for
common use.
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 20/28
THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA
•Environmental protection – America’s last frontier
• Commercial fisheries – 52% of US catch
– The state’s second most important income producer andAlaska will continue to assure its sustainability
– But the U.S. still imports 85% of its seafood
•
Common property governs use of state fisheries landand water.
– Tidelands are state land, very little private land
– Uplands are mostly federal, state, & Native corporation
– Must acquire state leases for tidelands and uplands leases forland-based structures, upland leases are rare
– Affects access to wild stock a uaculture o ortunities
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 21/28
THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA
•Mariculture is a newcomer – Fear factor associated with a new enterprises
– Perceptions can lead to unnecessary concerns
– Conflicts with existing and historic uses
– Resistance to change that may be necessary
•
Private enterprise in a public domain – Accountability for the public resource
– Restrictive regulations, sometimes impossible to follow
– Right to fail (Supported by Alaska Dept. of NaturalResources)
• Historical problems
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 22/28
THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA
•Business and financial – Alaska is remote
– Alaskans looking for more lucrative financial enterprise
– Little government investment (Even nationally)
– Availability of aquatic farming load program
–
Still much business aspects that we don’t know well• Transitional
– Research and development needed
– Culture practices changing
– Training programs now beginning
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 23/28
BENEFITS OFMARICULTURE
Ammonia Actualconcentration
(!g/L)
ExpectedAmmonia
(!g/L100% Flow
rate60.256 528.41
35-50% Flowrate
27.27 499.49
15-25% Flowrate
38.533 509.94
0% Flow rate 22.667 490.32
• Environmentally friendly – No pollution (No feeding)
– High marine water qualitystandards
• Recreational – 100 FC/100ml
• Mariculture – 14 FC/100 ml
– Nitrate removal
– Pelagic/benthic coupling
– Strict control of transport• Import ban accept for oysters
• Disease certification
• Hatchery inspections
• Genetics policy
• Transport zones
Rice2001
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 24/28
BENEFITS OF MARICULTURE
•
Economics
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 25/28
BENEFITS OF MARICULTURE
•
Compatibility – Environmentally
sustainable
– Commercial Fishing
– Part-time/seasonalemployment
– Tourism
– Eco-tourism and outdoorrecreation
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 26/28
BENEFITS OFMARICULTURE•
Social – Recognition for shellfish
farming
– Community stability
– Business diversity
– Public education andtraining offered
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 27/28
ADVOCACY• Advocating for what?
– Personal responsibility
– Environmentalsustainability
– Economic viability
– Safe and wholesomemarketability
– Social acceptability
–
Production reliability – Regulatory accountability
NOAA Aquaculture PolicySummary Statement 1998
A strong NOAA role in aquaculture will
stimulate job creation in public sector, helpto revitalize communities suffering from thecollapse of traditional fisheries stocks,utilize advanced technologies andmanagement regimes to resolve naturalresource conflicts and ensure thataquaculture is done in an environmentallysound manner, reduce the fisheries tradedeficit, and increase domestic production of finfish and shellfish and recreational
opportunities. Marine aquaculture canaugment restoration efforts of depletedmarine stocks and can provide safe, high-quality seafood for consumers.
Alaska Aquatic Farm Act1988“It is the policy of the state toencourage the establishment andresponsible growth of an aquaticfarming industry …”
7/29/2019 ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acmp-mariculture-in-alaska-2010 28/28
THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
• Farmer business management training
• Custom made financial management tools
• Economic modeling of farming
• Assisting with getting financing
• Assistance with formation of cooperatives
• Financial management
• Production management
• Technological advances
• Website development
•
top related