Transcript
Making sense of the Romanian verbal system: A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach
Sandra-Iulia RONAI
Before any theoretical analysis…
Before any theoretical analysis…
… clear picture of the empirical facts!
Before any theoretical analysis…
… clear picture of the empirical facts!
This talk:
Before any theoretical analysis…
… clear picture of the empirical facts!
This talk: An attempt to re-organize the
Romanian verbal system.
Before any theoretical analysis…
… clear picture of the empirical facts!
This talk: An attempt to re-organize the
Romanian verbal system.
Roadmap / Aims:
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present:
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem 1.2. A possible alternative
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem 1.2. A possible alternative1.3. Potential advantages
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem 1.2. A possible alternative1.3. Potential advantages
2. Methodological discussion
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem 1.2. A possible alternative1.3. Potential advantages
2. Methodological discussion
3. Get feedback!
Roadmap / Aims:
1. Present: 1.1. The problem 1.2. A possible alternative1.3. Potential advantages
2. Methodological discussion
3. Get feedback! (Thank you!)
How I got here:
How I got here:
How I got here:
Working on the Romanian verbal system, eh?
How I got here:
Working on the Romanian verbal system, eh?
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
Working on the Romanian verbal system, eh?
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
Uhm… weeell…
How I got here:
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
constructions
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
structuresconstructions
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
paradigmsstructuresconstructions
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
How I got here:
paradigmsstructuresconstructions
Sooo… how many ‘tenses’ does this language have, anyway?
Uhm… weeell…
The problem:
The problem:
How many distinct verbal structures are there in Romanian?
The problem:
How many distinct verbal structures are there in Romanian?
Structure =
The problem:
How many distinct verbal structures are there in Romanian?
Structure = a particular combination of morphological elements
that expresses a particular combination of sematic features (values for mood, tense,
aspect, voice)
How many verbal structures in Romanian?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?I. Imperative (‘read!’):citește! II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc 2. imperfect (‘I was reading’): citeam 3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit5. pluperfect (‘I had read’): citisem6. future (‘I will read’): voi
citi; oi citi; am să citesc; o să citesc 7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
II. Subjunctive:1. present (‘… to read’): să
citesc2. perfect (‘… to have read’): să fi citit
III. Conditional-Optative:1. present (‘I would read’): aș citi2. perfect (‘I would have read’): aș fi citit
IV. Presumptive:1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi2. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind; să fi
citind3. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
How many verbal structures in Romanian?I. Imperative (‘read!’):citește! II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc 2. imperfect (‘I was reading’): citeam 3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit5. pluperfect (‘I had read’): citisem6. future (‘I will read’): voi
citi; oi citi; am să citesc; o să citesc 7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
II. Subjunctive:1. present (‘… to read’): să
citesc2. perfect (‘… to have read’): să fi citit
III. Conditional-Optative:1. present (‘I would read’): aș citi2. perfect (‘I would have read’): aș fi citit
IV. Presumptive:1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi2. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind; să fi
citind3. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
15
How many verbal structures in Romanian?I. Imperative (‘read!’):citește! II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc 2. imperfect (‘I was reading’): citeam 3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit5. pluperfect (‘I had read’): citisem6. future (‘I will read’): voi
citi; oi citi; am să citesc; o să citesc 7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
II. Subjunctive:1. present (‘… to read’): să
citesc2. perfect (‘… to have read’): să fi citit
III. Conditional-Optative:1. present (‘I would read’): aș citi2. perfect (‘I would have read’): aș fi citit
IV. Presumptive:1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi2. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind; să fi
citind3. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
15 ?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc
2. imperfect (‘I was reading’):citeam
3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii
4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit
5. pluperfect (‘I had read’):citisem
6. future (‘I will read’):voi citi; oi citi;
am să citesc; o să citesc
7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
How many verbal structures in Romanian?II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc
2. imperfect (‘I was reading’):citeam
3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii
4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit
5. pluperfect (‘I had read’):citisem
6. future (‘I will read’):voi citi; oi citi;
am să citesc; o să citesc
7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
1 or 4?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc
2. imperfect (‘I was reading’):citeam
3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii
4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit
5. pluperfect (‘I had read’):citisem
6. future (‘I will read’):voi citi; oi citi;
am să citesc; o să citesc
7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
How many verbal structures in Romanian?II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc
2. imperfect (‘I was reading’):citeam
3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii
4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit
5. pluperfect (‘I had read’):citisem
6. future (‘I will read’):voi citi; oi citi;
am să citesc; o să citesc
7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
The other auxiliaries?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?II. Indicative:
1. present (‘I read’/’I am reading’): citesc
2. imperfect (‘I was reading’):citeam
3. simple perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): citii
4. compound perfect (‘I read’/’I have read’): am citit
5. pluperfect (‘I had read’):citisem
6. future (‘I will read’):voi citi; oi citi;
am să citesc; o să citesc
7. anterior future (‘I will have read’): voi fi citit
oi fi citit, ??am să fi citit, ??o să fi citit
The other auxiliaries?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?
II. Subjunctive:
1. present (‘… to read’): să citesc
2. perfect (‘… to have read’): să fi citit
III. Conditional-Optative:
1. present (‘I would read’): aș citi
2. perfect (‘I would have read’): aș fi citit
How many verbal structures in Romanian?
IV. Presumptive:
1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi
2. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
3. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind;
să fi citind
How many verbal structures in Romanian?
IV. Presumptive:
1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi
2. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
3. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind;
să fi citind
Didn’t we have this before?
How many verbal structures in Romanian?
IV. Presumptive:
1. present (‘I may read’/‘I may be reading’): oi citi
2. perfect (‘I may have read’): oi fi citit
3. present progressive (‘I may be reading’): oi fi citind; aș fi citind;
să fi citind Gerund form: only here?
Traditional taxonomy:
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Two situations:
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Two situations:- one name, more than one structure
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Two situations:- one name, more than one structure- one structure, more names
One name, more than one structure:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
Same distribution:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
Same distribution:
(1) Mâine dimineață _________ o carte la bibliotecă. tomorrow morning a book at library‘Tomorrow morning, I will be reading a book at the library’
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
BUT:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitivesame
auxiliary?
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitivesame
auxiliary? another auxiliary
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive Verb-finite
same auxiliary? another auxiliary
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive Verb-finite
same auxiliary? another auxiliary
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive Verb-finite
same auxiliary? another auxiliary
invariant particle
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive Verb-finite
same auxiliary? another auxiliary
invariant particle
auxiliary? invariant particle?
Morphology!
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
auxiliary Verb-infinitive Verb-finite
same auxiliary? another auxiliary
invariant particle
auxiliary? invariant particle?
Morphology!
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
BUT: - Different morphology!
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citescALSO:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citescALSO: Cartography / linearization:
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
clitic îl voi citil- oi citi
am să îl citesco să îl citesc ‘I will read it’
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
clitic (clitic-like) adverbîl voi citi voi mai citil- oi citi oi mai citi
am să îl citesc am să mai citesco să îl citesc o să mai citesc‘I will read it’ ‘I will read again’
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
BUT: - Different morphology!
One name, more than one structure:‘The future indicative’:
voi citi oi citi am să citesc o să citesc
BUT: - Different morphology!- Different linearization / Cartography!
One structure, more than one name:
One structure, more than one name:Până mâine seară, Gică va fi citit tot romanul. until tomorrow evening Gica all novel‘By tomorrow evening, Gică will have read the whole novel.’
‘indicative future perfect’
One structure, more than one name:Până mâine seară, Gică va fi citit tot romanul. until tomorrow evening Gica all novel‘By tomorrow evening, Gică will have read the whole novel.’
‘indicative future perfect’
Q: Ce-o fi făcut Gigă ieri seară? what do-participle Gică yesterday eveningA: Nu știu, va fi citit și el un roman… not know read-participle and he a novel‘Q: What do you suppose Gică was doing last night?’‘I don’t know, he might have been reading a novel.’
‘presumptive perfect’
BUT: One structure, still one name:
BUT: One structure, still one name:
În general, citesc multe romane fantasy. in general read many novels fantasy‘I generally read many fantasy novels.’Chiar acum citesc un roman fantasy. right now read a novel fantasy‘I’m reading a fantasy novel right now.’
‘the present indicative’
BUT: One structure, still one name:
În general, citesc multe romane fantasy. in general read many novels fantasy‘I generally read many fantasy novels.’Chiar acum citesc un roman fantasy. right now read a novel fantasy‘I’m reading a fantasy novel right now.’
‘the present indicative’
Mâine dimineață, citesc la bibliotecă.tomorrow morning read at library‘Tomorrow morning, I will be reading at the library.’
‘the present indicative’
Another example:
Another example:Dacă aveam mai mult timp, aș fi mers și eu la seminar.if have more time and I to seminar‘If I had more time, I, too, would have gone to the seminar.’
‘conditional perfect’
Another example:Dacă aveam mai mult timp, aș fi mers și eu la seminar.if have more time and I to seminar‘If I had more time, I, too, would have gone to the seminar.’
‘conditional perfect’
Colega mea pretinde că aș fi mers și eu la seminar. colleague-the mine claims that and I to seminar‘My colleague claims that I, too, went to the seminar.’
‘presumptive perfect’
Another example:Dacă aveam mai mult timp, aș fi mers și eu la seminar.if have more time and I to seminar‘If I had more time, I, too, would have gone to the seminar.’
‘conditional perfect’
Colega mea pretinde că aș fi mers și eu la seminar. colleague-the mine claims that and I to seminar‘My colleague claims that I, too, went to the seminar.’
‘presumptive perfect’
Colega mea pretinde că am mers și eu la seminar. colleague-the mine claims that and I to seminar‘My colleague claims that I, too, went to the seminar.’
‘indicative compound perfect’
Traditional taxonomy:
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Two situations:- one name, more than one structure- one structure, more names
Traditional taxonomy:
NOT coherent!
Two situations:- one name, more than one structure- one structure, more names
= The problem
Why is this a problem?
Why is this a problem?
1. No systematic form-meaning correlations!
Why is this a problem?
1. No systematic form-meaning correlations!
2. Obscures the role each of the component morphological elements plays.
Why is this a problem?
1. No systematic form-meaning correlations!
2. Obscures the role each of the component morphological elements plays.
3. Potential confusion!
Why is this a problem?
1. No systematic form-meaning correlations!
2. Obscures the role each of the component morphological elements plays.
3. Potential confusion!
4. Limiting (difficult to see new patterns).
WHAT IF….
WHAT IF….
… we put aside grammar-book labels?
WHAT IF….
… we put aside grammar-book labels?
… we look at the morphology first and foremost?
WHAT IF….
… we put aside grammar-book labels?
… we look at the morphology first and foremost?
… go back to the old Structuralist ethos?
WHAT IF….
… we put aside grammar-book labels?
… we look at the morphology first and foremost?
… go back to the old Structuralist ethos?
= A potential alternative
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
What if…
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
What if…
… the “elements of language”
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
What if…
… the “elements of language” = pieces of a
formal system?
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
What if…
… the “elements of language” = pieces of a
formal system?= building blocks
that can combine in certain ways?
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
What if…
… the “elements of language” = pieces of a
formal system?= building blocks
that can combine in certain ways?
… like LEGO©s! :D
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
Features:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
Features: color, shape, size, number of connecting bumps…
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
Features: Features: color, shape, size, number of connecting bumps…
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
‘citisem’
Features: Features: color, shape, size, mood, tense, aspect,number of voice, person, number…connecting bumps…
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
- Different possibilities of filling the same space:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
- Different possibilities of filling the same space:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
- Different possibilities of filling the same space:
Gică ____________ multe romane fantasy.Gică many novels fantasy
citește ‘reads’ a citit ‘has read’avea să fi citit ‘will have read’
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
- Different possibilities of filling the same space:
Gică ____________ multe romane fantasy.Gică many novels fantasy
citește ‘reads’ a citit ‘has read’avea să fi citit ‘will have read’
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach:
Morphology first and foremost
Morphology first and foremost
Step 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Morphology first and foremost
Step 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Step 2: See what combines with what (possible and impossible combinations).
Morphology first and foremost
Step 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Step 2: See what combines with what (possible and impossible combinations).
Step 3: Decide what the emergent patterns mean.
Morphology first and foremost
Step 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Step 2: See what combines with what (possible and impossible combinations).
Step 3: Decide what the emergent patterns mean.
Morphology first and foremost
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal:
2. non-verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)
2. non-verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries
2. non-verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries• particles
2. non-verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries• particles• suffixes
2. non-verbal:
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries• particles• suffixes
2. non-verbal: • clitics• clitic-like adverbs • negation
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries• particles• suffixes
2. non-verbal: • clitics• clitic-like adverbs • negation
Morphology first and foremostStep 1: Identify the distinct elements.
Elements in the verb cluster:
1. verbal: • lexical verb (finite or non-finite)• auxiliaries• particles• suffixes
2. non-verbal: • clitics• clitic-like adverbs • negation
Elements in the verb cluster:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:Auxiliaries:
Elements in the verb cluster:
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
- V-infinitive
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
- V-infinitive- V-participle
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
- V-infinitive- V-participle- V-gerund
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
- V-infinitive- V-participle- V-gerund
Participles:
Elements in the verb cluster:Lexical verb:
- Finite forms (includes suffixes!)- Non-finite forms:
- V-infinitive- V-participle- V-gerund
Participles: O, FI, SĂ
Morphology first and foremostStep 2: See what combines with what (possible and impossible combinations).
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Combinations:
Questions:
Questions:
What do pieces combine with specific other pieces?
Questions:
What do pieces combine with specific other pieces (and not others)?
Questions:
Questions:
What do the gaps in the system tell us?
Questions:
What do the gaps in the system tell us?
Questions:
Questions:
What does it all mean?
Questions:
What does it all mean?
=> Answer will have to be theoretical…
Methodology philosophizing:
Methodology philosophizing:
This kind of formalization can work for any language.
Methodology philosophizing:
This kind of formalization can work for any language.
Interesting to ask: how the inventory of pieces (and the types of possible and impossible combination of different pieces) transfers from one language to another.
Methodology philosophizing:
This kind of formalization can work for any language.
Interesting to ask: how the inventory of pieces (and the types of possible and impossible combination of different pieces) transfers from one language to another.
Describing one’s mother tongue vs. a language one DOES NOT speak: more similar in this methodology.
Methodology philosophizing:
Methodology philosophizing:
More generally / abstractly:
Methodology philosophizing:
More generally / abstractly:
Sometimes, you have to forget what you think you know…
Methodology philosophizing:
More generally / abstractly:
Sometimes, you have to forget what you think you know…
… look at old data with new eyes…
Methodology philosophizing:
More generally / abstractly:
Sometimes, you have to forget what you think you know…
… look at old data with new eyes…
… be ready to notice new patterns (and/or the lack thereof!)…
Methodology philosophizing:
More generally / abstractly:
Sometimes, you have to forget what you think you know…
… look at old data with new eyes…
… be ready to notice new patterns (and/or the lack thereof!)…
… be open to finding answers to questions you didn’t even thought you had…
Summary / Conclusion:
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.2. This can lead to confusion and obscure patterns and
generalizations.
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.2. This can lead to confusion and obscure patterns and
generalizations.3. Going back to the basics and looking at the morphology
in itself can help.
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.2. This can lead to confusion and obscure patterns and
generalizations.3. Going back to the basics and looking at the morphology
in itself can help. 4. A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach makes formalizations easier.
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.2. This can lead to confusion and obscure patterns and
generalizations.3. Going back to the basics and looking at the morphology
in itself can help.4. A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach makes formalizations easier.5. Considering possible and impossible combinations of
elements raises interesting questions.
Summary / Conclusion:1. The traditional taxonomy of Romanian verbal structures
lacks consistency.2. This can lead to confusion and obscure patterns and
generalizations.3. Going back to the basics and looking at the morphology
in itself can help.4. A ‘LEGO© pieces’ approach makes formalizations easier.5. Considering possible and impossible combinations of
elements raises interesting questions.6. This type of approach can be used by any linguist,
regardless of framework.
Selected Bibliography:Academia Romană, Institutul de Lingvistică Iorgu Iorgan–Al. Rosetti. 2005. Gramatica Limbii Romane. Bucuresti: Editura Academiei Romane, 323 – 584;Avram, L. 1999. Auxiliaries and the Structure of Language. Bucharest: The University of Bucharest
Press; Cinque, G. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. OUP;Davies, W. D. 2009. ‘Methodological thoughts from the linguistic field’. In k@ta, 11(1), 18-38;Dobrovie-Sorin, C. 1994. The Syntax of Romanian. Comparative Studies in Romance. Berlin New
York: Mouton de Gruye;Gutu-Romalo, V. 1962. ‘Formele verbale compuse [Compound verb forms]’. In Studii și Cercetări de
Lingvistică 13 (2), 191-199;Gutu-Romalo, V. 1968. Morfologie structurala a limbii romane [Structural Morphology of
Romanian]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania;Pană-Dindelegan, G. (ed). 2013. The Grammar of Romanian. OUP;Rizzi, L. ’The fine structure of the left periphery.’ In Elements of grammar. Springer Netherlands,
1997. 281-337;Svenonius, P. 2012. Spanning. Ms., UiT The Arctic University of Norway. ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/001501; Zafiu, R. 2002. ‘”Evidentialitatea” în limba romană actuală [‘Evidentiality’ in contemporary
Romanian]’. In Aspecte ale dinamicii limbii romane actuale [Aspects of the Dynamics of Contemporary Romanian]. Bucharest: Editura Universitătii din Bucuresti, 127-144.
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