Absolute Monarchs in Europe and Enlightenment and Revolution (Chapters 21 & 22)
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Decline of feudalism
Rise of cities
Growth of national kingdoms
Growth of middle class
Wealth of colonies
Breakdown of Church authority
Economic and religious crisesRevolts
Regulated worship, social gatherings, and economy Increased size of court
Created new government bureaucraciesReduced power of nobles and representative bodies
Absolute Monarch
Compare Absolutism… And Democracy
•Monarchs have unlimited power.
•Power comes from inheritance and Divine Right.
•Monarchs are above the law, subjects obey monarch command without questions.
•Monarch chooses state religion, and combines religious and political leadership.
•Government exists for its own sake and the subjects’ role is to serve the monarch.
•Government is based on the will of the people.
•Rulers are elected by popular vote.
•Everyone must obey the law.
•Citizens have the right to criticize the government
•Separation of church and state.
•Government exists to serve the people.
1643 1715
Louis becomes
king.
1648-1653
Riots disrupt France.
1661
Louis starts rule.
1667 1672 1685 1701-1713
Louis invades the
Spanish Netherlands.
Louis invades the
Dutch Netherlands.
Louis voids
Edict of Nantes.
Louis fights War of
Spanish Succession.
Louis dies.
What characteristics made Louis XIV so “absolute”?
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•
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Louis weakens the Noble’s authority
Patronage of the Arts
Attempts to expand France’s borders
Increased the power of the intendants
During Louis’ reign, France was considered the military ruler of Europe
Louis XIV
“Sun King”
Government
Religious Persecution
VersaillesEconomy
Arts Wars
•Held absolute power
•Expanded bureaucracy, and appointed officials to carry out his policies
•Never convened Estates General•Immense palace
•Symbol of wealth and power
•Ceremonies surrounded everyday life
•Sponsored musical entertainment and commissioned plays
•French artistic style became model for all Europe
•Persecuted Huguenots
•Revoked Edict of Nantes
•Practiced mercantilism
•Promoted trade, imposed
high tariffs on imports
•Encouraged industry
•Encouraged overseas colonies
•Massive army
•Set goal to expand French borders and dominate
•Europe, with some early success
Compare Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great
1740-1780 1740-1786
Allied with former enemy France
Allied with Austria’s former ally Britain
Lost Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and did not regain it in Seven Years’ War
Gained Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and neither gained nor lost in Seven Years’ War
Imposed limits on nobility
Followed his father’s military policies
Points of Comparison Maria Theresa Frederick the Great
Years of reign
Foreign policy
Success in war
Steps to become absolute monarchs
Conflict Causes and Outcomes…
Thirty Years War
War of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years’ War
•Cause-Religion (Ferdinand II closed some Protestant churches)
•Outcome-Germany’s decline until 1800s & the beginning of modern states in Europe
•Cause-Frederick II (Prussia), sought Austrian territory of Silesia for resources
•Outcome-Maria Theresa (Austria), stopped Prussia’s aggression but lost Silesia
•Cause-Alliances (Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian Ally)
•Outcome-Territory in Europe remained the same. France lost colonies in North America and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.
Peter the GreatW
E
S
T
E
R
N
I
Z
E
D
indow to the west
uropean clothing
tate controlled religion
ax (beards)
ights for women
ntroduced potato
ero tolerance for old fashioned ideas
stablished a new calendar
rew new maps
ewspaper
uropean military
Important events of Peter the Great’s Reign
Peter the GreatVisited western Europe
Took control of church Reduced power
of landownersModernized army
Tried to westernize Russia
Fought Sweden for Baltic land
Had St. Petersburg built
Monarch Conflicts with Parliament
James I
Charles I
James II
• Believed in divine right to rule• Wanted large funds to pay for court and wars• Did not make Puritan reforms
• Wanted funds to finance wars• Tried to force all subjects to be Anglican• Resisted Parliament’s attempts to restrict his power
• Flaunted his faith• Named Catholics to high office
Magna Carta Parliament Petition of Right Habeas Corpus Constitutional Monarchy
Bill of Rights
1215
King John
Basic Political Rights: No taxation
without representation, trial by jury, protection
of the law
1295
Edward I
Creates a legislature with
representatives of the people
1628
Charles I
Rights:
Due cause, levy taxes w/o
Parliament, no housing soldiers in homes, no marital law in peacetime.
1679
Charles II
Every prisoner must be charged and have a trial
1689
Laws limit the power of the
monarch:
William and Mary
1689
Cannot suspend laws, free speech in Parliament, right to
petition the government
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts
leads scholars to question accepted knowledge.
Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists
challenge accepted thinking.
Exploration broadens European horizons.
The printing press spreads
ideas.
The Importance
of the Enlightenm
ent
The Scientific Method, Francis
Bacon and Rene
Descartes
The World of Isaac Newton
Even more Enlightenment Science
Enlightenment
Philosophers
•Prompted scholars & philosophers to reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society
•Sought new insight regarding government, religion, economics, and education
•Logical procedure fro gathering and testing ideas•Bacon-experimental method; urged scientists to experiment & draw conclusions•Descartes-believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions & teachings•All relied on mathematics & reasoning
•Theories of motion & universal gravitation
•Scientific instruments (microscopes, barometer, & thermometer)•Medicine & the human body
•Dissected human body & vaccines (small pox)•Scientific method
•Montesquieu•Rousseau•Wollstonecraft
•Locke•Hobbes•Voltaire
Circulation of Ideas Art and Literature
Monarchy
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines,
pamphlets
Neoclassical art, classical music, novel
Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine
the Great
Thinker Key Idea
Hobbes Social contract
Locke Consent of the governed
Voltaire Tolerance
Montesquieu Separation of powers
Rousseau Government by general will
Beccaria Abolition of torture
Wollstonecraft Access to education for women
Thinker Ideal Form of Government
Reasoning Can people be trusted to
govern?
Rousseau
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Direct Democracy
•Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness.•“Man is born free, & everywhere he is in chains”
Yes
Democracy Equal rights for women
Yes
Absolutism•All humans are naturally selfish and wicked
•Hand over power to strong leader to ensure order
No
Democracy People could learn from experience and prove themselves
Yes
DemocracySeparation of power limits any group from having too much control
Yes
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