A Census of the Universe - ISAS/JAXAcpp/teaching/britishcouncil/...“The Universe is not made of Atoms it is made of Stories” — — Muriel Muriel Rukeyser Rukeyser ((1913-19801913-1980))

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A Census of the UniverseA Census of the UniverseA Census of the UniverseA Census of the Universe

Chris Pearson : Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)cpp@ir.isas.jaxa.jp http ://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/~cpp/

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The Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an Astronomer

Rocks from space!!!!!Arizona Meteor Crater

When I am not working I play : TAE KWON DO !

My name is : Chris Pearson ( 梨村栗好 )

I work at : The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, in Japan.University of Kent, Imperial College London, Sussex University in the U.K.

My job is : Cosmological Simulations of Galaxy Surveys = Mapping the Universe !

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The Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an Astronomer

I have a research Fellowship from the European Union

In the U.K. I work betweenUniversity of KentImperial College LondonSussex University

These days I am working at the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

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The Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerMy life outside AstronomyWhen I‘m not working I play : TAE KWON DO !

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The Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerBut, I get to go to nice places But, I get to go to nice places

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The Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an AstronomerThe Life of an Astronomer

Mauna Kea Volcano Summit in Hawaiiハワイの火山の頂上での天文台ハワイの火山の頂上での天文台ハワイの火山の頂上での天文台

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University of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at CanterburyCathedral Town

Message from Astronomers at the University of Kent

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University of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at CanterburyUniversity of Kent at Canterbury

SPACE SCHOOL 2002SPACE SCHOOL 2002

Organized by The Universityof Kent for local middle andhigh school students

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A Census of the UniverseA Census of the UniverseA Census of the UniverseA Census of the Universe

QUESTIONS WE WOULD LIKE TO ASK ?

✭ Where are we in the Universe ?✭ How old is the Universe ?✭ How did the Universe Begin ?✭ How will the Universe end ?✭ How much stuff is there in the Universe ?

WHAT’S OUR ADDRESS ??WHERE DO WE LIVE ??

WE NEED A GOOD MAP !!

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe町 - My Town35 Lavidge Road

Greenwich３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universeロンドン大都市 - The London Area35 Lavidge Road

GreenwichLondon

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドン

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe英国　ー　国 - My Country35 Lavidge Road

GreenwichLondonEngland

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe国々　ー　世界 - The World

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet Earth

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球

地球 - The Planet

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

地球

太陽 - 地球

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar System

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステム

ソーラーシステム -　惑星 - The Solar System

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

太陽

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of Orion

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕

天の川 - The Milky Way

オリオン渦巻腕 - Orion Spiral Armうずまきわん

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

太陽

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way Galaxy

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系

天の川銀河系 - Our Galaxy

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

天の川銀河系

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way GalaxyThe Local Group

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系局部銀河群

きょくぶぎんがぐん

局部銀河群 - The Local Group

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

局部銀河群

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way GalaxyThe Local Groupnear the Virgo Cluster

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系局部銀河群乙女座の銀河団の辺

おとめざ ぎんがだん

乙女座の銀河団の辺 - in vicinity of Virgo Cluster

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

近い宇宙乙女座の銀河団の辺

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way GalaxyThe Local Groupnear the Virgo ClusterLocal Supercluster

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系局部銀河群乙女座の銀河団の辺局部超銀河団

きょくぶちょうぎんがだん

局部超銀河団 - Local Supercluster

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Our Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the UniverseOur Address in the Universe

近い宇宙(局部超銀河団)

35 Lavidge RoadGreenwichLondonEnglandPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way GalaxyThe Local Groupnear the Virgo ClusterLocal SuperclusterThe Universe

３５　ラビッジ　ロードグリニッジ市ロンドンイギリス地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系局部銀河群乙女座の銀河団の辺局部超銀河団宇宙　〒０００　００１

宇宙 - The Universe

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Your Address in the UniverseYour Address in the UniverseYourYour Address in the Universe Address in the Universe

………………….………. - shiKanagawa-ken 229-JapanPlanet EarthSolar SystemSpiral Arm of OrionMilky Way GalaxyThe Local Groupnear the Virgo ClusterLocal SuperclusterThe Universe

＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿－市神奈川－県　２２９ー日本地球ソーラーシステムオリオンの渦巻腕天の川銀河系局部銀河群乙女座の銀河団の辺局部超銀河団宇宙　〒０００　００１

Where do you live ?

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The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum

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slitprism

The Sun

screen

Thermometer

Infra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red Light

NormalVisibleLight

INFRARED

(UV light)

Sir Frederick William Herschel (1738-1822)

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Infra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightEnergy of radiation depends on its’ TEMPERATUREWavelength of radiation depends on its’ TEMPERATUREHigh Temperature ➠ radiate at shorter wavelengthsCooler Temperature ➠ radiate at longer wavelengths

Infra Red LightInfra Red LightUVLightUVLight

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Infra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightEnergy radiated∝ (Temperature)4

•Deserts absorb/radiate heat quickly

•Land radiates more energy than sea

•High clouds cooler than low clouds

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Infra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red LightInfra Red Light

• Different colors absorb different amounts of heat• Were used to write the names of the colors used on a white piece of paper• Paper is then put outside in warm sunlight• Infra Red picture taken after 1 minute• Brighter areas show colors which are warmer because they absorb more heat from the sun. • Notice how the color black is the warmest, followed by blue, green, red, yellow and then white • Wear light colored clothing on a hot day !! keeps you cooler outdoors

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The Infra Red ZOO !!The Infra Red ZOO !!The Infra Red ZOO !!The Infra Red ZOO !!

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

How different would our world look through infrared eyes ? How different would our world look through infrared eyes ?

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WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?

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WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?

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WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?• The stars we see represent only a fraction of the light in the Universe• Stars are born inside giant gas clouds ➠ Youngest Stars are HIDDEN !• Young stars gradually blow away surrounding gas and dust • Eventually become bright and visible !!

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WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?• The stars we see represent only a fraction of the light in the Universe• Dust clouds between the stars obscure large regions• The visible light coming from objects behind the dust cloud is BLOCKED!

• Infrared light shows where the Universe is cold and where it’s hot !• Infrared light shows us where hot young stars are being born

✚ Young Stars emit strong UV/visible light✚ this is short wavelength

✚ Dust absorbs this light✚ Dust is heated

✚ Dust re- emits light in infrared region✚ this is long wavelength

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WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?WHY Infra Red Light ?❏ What we see depends on the wavelength (colour) of IR light❏ Short wavelengths see through the dust ➠ Old stars❏ Longer wavelength sees heat from the dust ➠ Young stars

Looking at theUniverse at differentwavelengths gives uscompletely differentpictures

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

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WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?ν=102 Hzλ=106m E=10-12eV

ν=1030 Hzλ=10-15m E=109eV

~30 powers of 10

Optical light spans barely an order of magnitude !!Optical light spans barely an order of magnitude !!

WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?

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WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?

1983 IRAS

1985 IRTS

1997 ISO

2003 SPITZER2006 ASTRO-F

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WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?WHY from Space ?For infrared astronomy -Need to launch telescopes into space !

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

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The Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red UniverseNGC7331: Our Galaxy’s Twin Brother • 50 Million Light Years in Pegasus

• Discovered by Herschel in 1784

• Optical, short IRAC, long IRAC, composite IRAC image• Short wavelengths - Stars Long wavelengths - PAH emission http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

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The Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red UniverseThe Infra Red Universe

Through the Infra Red Looking Glass

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

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TheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F MissionTheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F Mission

ASTRO-F

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TheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F MissionTheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F Mission

•69cm Ritchey-Chretien cooled telescope

•FIR All Sky Survey

•NIR-FIR deep imaging & spectroscopy

•Launch: ISAS MV–6 in Summer 2005

•Sun-synchronous polar orbit

•Mission lifetime: ~ 550 days +

•ISAS/SNU /IC/Kent/Sussex /SRON/ESA

•Second Japanese space infrared mission

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TheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F MissionTheThe ASTRO ASTRO-F Mission-F Mission

IRCIRC

FISFIS

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Mapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseASTRO-F will:■ Make a map of the entire Universe■ Discover Millions of new galaxies■ Measure how fast these galaxies are making stars■ Discover when Galaxies made all their stars■ Tell us about the Universe at different wavelengths

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Mapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the Universe

What will ASTRO-F see ?

Galaxies

Dust

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Mapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the UniverseMapping the Universe

■ Look at a piece of the sky

■ Throw away all the rubbish

■ Mark where the galaxies are

■ Create a catalogue of Galaxies

How do we map the Universe ?

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The History of Our UniverseThe History of Our UniverseThe History of Our UniverseThe History of Our Universe

Looking BACK in time

To LARGE distances

When Galaxies were YOUNGER

HD

F z~

0.1

τz~

1.3

Gyr

HD

F z~

1 τ

z~ 7

.5Gy

rH

DF

z~2

τz~

10G

yr

HD

F z~

3 τ

z~ 1

1Gyr

Nearby Galaxies Today 1,000,000,000 years ago

10,000,000,000 years ago 11,000,000,000 years ago

8,000,000,000 years ago

We want to see if far away galaxies are different from nearby galaxies ??

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The History of Our UniverseThe History of Our UniverseThe History of Our UniverseThe History of Our Universe■ When were the galaxies born?

■ When did they make their stars?

http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov

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What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?http://lambda.gsfc. nasa.gov/

WMAP Probe ➜ a different temperature mapThe very early Universe

We don’t know what 96% of the Universe is even made of !!!

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What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?What is Our Universe Made of ?http://lambda.gsfc. nasa.gov/

Connecting the very early Universe with today’s Universe

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The Universe Now and ThenThe Universe Now and Thenhttp://lambda.gsfc. nasa.gov/

Connecting the very early Universe with today’s UniverseThe Universe Now and ThenThe Universe Now and Then

Galaxies are made at places where the Universe is most dense

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The Universe Now and ThenThe Universe Now and ThenThe Universe Now and ThenThe Universe Now and ThenConnecting the very early Universe with today’s UniverseThe ASTRO-F dark Energy Project

time

The WMAPUniverse

The ASTRO-F Universe

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Our Amazing Universe !!Our Amazing Universe !!Our Amazing Universe !!Our Amazing Universe !!

■ We want a multi-wavelength map of the Universe !■ We want a multi-wavelength map of the Universe !

http://lambda.gsfc. nasa.gov/

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Things to Things to ““Keep in MindKeep in Mind””Things to Things to ““Keep in MindKeep in Mind””•We only see a tiny fraction of the Universe with our eyes (visible light)•Looking in the infrared ➠ we can see heat emission from objects•The Universe looks completely different in the Infra-Red•We need to launch rockets to get our infrared telescopes above the atmosphere •With infrared space telescopes we can see new stars being born in young galaxies•We will make a infrared map of the entire Universe with ASTRO-F

“The Universe is not made of Atoms it is made of Stories”  —  Muriel Rukeyser (1913-1980) poet.

“The Universe is not made of Atoms it is made of Stories”  —  Muriel Rukeyser (1913-1980) poet.

どうもありがとうございます !どうもありがとうございます !

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終終終