A Building Framework for the All Renewable Energy Future

Bronwyn Barry, RA, CPHD

Introducing PRIMARY ENERGY+ RENEWABLES

A Building Framework for theAll-Renewable Energy Future:

As Developed by:

OVERVIEW

What is Source (Primary) Energy? What is a Primary Energy ‘factor’ Why factors are local, regional & climate-specific Designing for an All-Renewable Energy Future How Primary Energy Renewable (PER) was developed What this looks like in California A few building examples

PRIMARY ENERGY ACCOUNTING

SOURCE: Illustration from ‘California’s All Renewable Energy Future’ by Bronwyn Barry

‘SOURCE’ vs ‘SITE’ ENERGY

PRIMARY ENERGY ACCOUNTING

SOURCE: Illustration from ‘California’s All Renewable Energy Future’ by Bronwyn Barry

‘SOURCE’ vs ‘SITE’ ENERGY

‘SITE NET ZERO’ IS FUZZY MATH!

WHAT IS A UTILIZATION FACTOR FOR ELECTRICITY?

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

WHAT IS A UTILIZATION FACTOR FOR ELECTRICITY?

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

WHAT IS A UTILIZATION FACTOR FOR ELECTRICITY?

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

WHAT’S YOUR REGIONAL (SOURCE) ENERGY FACTOR?

SOURCE: Image - http://www.theenergycollective.com/aqgilbert/2322195/us-electricity-system-15-maps, Data: Passive House Academy

kWh of Source Energy per kWh of delivered electricity (2004) National: 3.315

WHAT’S YOUR REGIONAL (SOURCE) ENERGY FACTOR?

SOURCE: Image - http://www.theenergycollective.com/aqgilbert/2322195/us-electricity-system-15-maps, Data: Passive House Academy

kWh of Source Energy per kWh of delivered electricity (2004) National: 3.315

ERCOT: 3.574

Alaska: 3.568

Hawaii: 3.1917

Eastern: 3.394

WHAT’S YOUR REGIONAL (SOURCE) ENERGY FACTOR?

SOURCE: Image - http://www.theenergycollective.com/aqgilbert/2322195/us-electricity-system-15-maps, Data: Passive House Academy

kWh of Source Energy per kWh of delivered electricity (2004) National: 3.315

Western: 2.853

ERCOT: 3.574

Alaska: 3.568

Hawaii: 3.1917

Eastern: 3.394

HOW DIRTY (OR CLEAN) IS YOUR GRID?

Nuclear North East

Hydro North West

Windy Great Plains

Coal Midwest

Solar Coasts

Gas Everywhere

!

Solar Coasts

Gas Everywhere

!

SHIFTING DESIGN INCENTIVES TO FAVOR RENEWABLES

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

SHIFTING DESIGN INCENTIVES TO FAVOR RENEWABLES

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

SHIFTING DESIGN INCENTIVES TO FAVOR RENEWABLES

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

✕

SHIFTING DESIGN INCENTIVES TO FAVOR RENEWABLES

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

✕

Renewables 3x better site utilization

SHIFTING DESIGN INCENTIVES TO FAVOR RENEWABLES

SOURCE: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-building-energy-use

✕

Renewables 3x better site utilization

But non-Renewables look equally good

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment,

VISUALIZING AN ALL RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

New Design Incentives Needed

RETHINKING PRIMARY (SOURCE) ENERGY

Heating/Cooling Demand:

Peak Heat Load:

Air-tightness:

Total Primary Energy:

15 kWh/m2yror 4.75 kBTU/hr.ft2

10 W/m2 or 3.2 BTU/hr.ft2

n50 < 0.6 ACH

Primary Energy Renewables (PER) Factors 3 Certification Levels

Incentivizes RENEWABLE ENERGY sources

SOURCE: Image – Team Germany 2009 Solar Decathlon Passivhaus supplies 200% of it’s energy via renewable energy.

Creates a CARBON EMISSIONS focus

THREE RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATION LEVELS

Energy Supply from Renewable ResourcesFinal Energy Demand at the Building

PER =

INCENTIVIZES:1. Total Demand Reduction & Peak Load Shifting2. Fuel switching to all-electric with heat pumps3. Regional renewable grid efficiencies4. Allows local and off-site renewable credits5. Seasonal storage of renewables at utility scale6. Urban density & equitable renewable credit for all

buildingsSOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment

SOURCE: Illustrations by Bronwyn Barry, info: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment

BUILDING AN ALL-RENEWABLE ENERGY FRAMEWORK

1. Total Demand

Reduction

Allocate by: Electricity Hot Water Heating Cooling Dehumidification

2. Seasonal Energy Demand

3. Regional Grid Renewable Supply

Account for: Wind Solar PV Hydro~ Biomass~ District Heat4. Building

Site & Size

6. Renewable Storage

Look at kWh of: Short-term & Long-term energy

5. Regional Peak Load

Incentivize Load shifting according to: Demand Type Daily Peak Use Seasonal Peak

7. Appliance Energy Source

Incentivize fuel switching to electric heat pumps

Account for: Local renewable availability Building size vs roof area Supply vs Demand balance Viable short- vs long-term

storage

FRAMEWORK FOR CALIFORNIA

5. Regional Peak Load

FRAMEWORK FOR CALIFORNIA

5. Regional Peak Load

FRAMEWORK FOR CALIFORNIA

5. Regional Peak Load

FRAMEWORK FOR CALIFORNIA

5. Regional Peak Load

FRAMEWORK PER FACTORS IN THE PHPP

SOURCE: http://www.slideshare.net/harrmann/the-new-phpp-version-9-project-specific-cause-effect

APPLIED TO A HOME IN VANCOUVER, BC

SOURCE: http://www.slideshare.net/harrmann/the-new-phpp-version-9-project-specific-cause-effect

APPLIED TO A HOME IN MAINE

SOURCE: http://www.slideshare.net/harrmann/the-new-phpp-version-9-project-specific-cause-effect

APPLIED TO A SAN FRANCISCO RENOVATION

SOURCE: http://www.slideshare.net/harrmann/the-new-phpp-version-9-project-specific-cause-effect

SUMMARIZING PRIMARY ENERGY RENEWABLE

BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. Manages ‘Loss’

2. Driven by:Comfort Quality

Durability

3. Credits renewables

separately

PRIORITIZES DEMAND

REDUCTION

Renewable sources given beneficial ‘Primary Energy

Renewable’ factors

Credits allocated to:On-site generation Off-site generation

Green Roofs

(Regional grid supply factored into this

calculus.)

SOURCE: Image – California’s All Renewable Energy Future by Bronwyn Barry, CPHD

EQUITABLE CALCULATION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. Manages ‘Loss’

2. Driven by:Comfort Quality

Durability

3. Credits renewables

separately

SOURCE: Image – California’s All Renewable Energy Future by Bronwyn Barry, CPHD

RENEWABLE CREDITS ALLOCATED

BY

Projected Building Footprint

Incentivizes large-scale and micro-grid

renewable supply.Off-site generation

allowed for Premium Tier.

Does not penalize commercial, tall, shaded or urban infill

projects with no site generation capacity.

LEARN MORE HERE

http://www.naphnconference.com/

Event Partners: Passive House

Institute Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory Pacific Gas & Electric Living Futures

Institute

OCTOBER 4-8TH

Oakland, CA

PASSIVE + RENEWABLES

KEYNOTE:Scott Foster, Director, Sustainable Energy Division, United Nations ECE (includes USA & Canada.)

FURTHER READING, THANKS AND CREDITS

SOURCE MATERIAL: Passive House Institute, passivehouse.com ‘The PER Sustainability Assessment,’ Passipedia.org Andre Harrmann, CertiPHiers & Harrmann Consulting Bronwyn Barry, ‘California’s All-Renewable Energy Future’

RECOMMENDED READING:https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessmenthttps://passipedia.org/basics/passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply/passive_house_the_next_decade

SOURCE: Image – Cottle Passive House NZE, One Sky Homes

THANK YOUBronwyn Barry, RA, CPHDEmail: info@naphnetwork.orgWebsite: http://naphnetwork.org/

FRAMEWORK CALCULATION METHOLOGY

2. Seasonal Energy Demand

Allocated by: Electricity Hot Water Heating Cooling Dehumidification

6. Renewable Storage

kWh of: Short-term & Long-term energy

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment

BONUS

MATERIAL

SOURCE: https://passipedia.org/certification/passive_house_categories/per#the_per_sustainability_assessment

Figure 4: The PER factors are equivalent to the required additional RE supply for each kWh of a consumer’s additional energy demand. Examples are shown for domestic hot water, heating and cooling in Boise, US.

Figure 5: Exemplary PER factors for selected locations in different climate zones arctic, cool-temperate, warm and very hot.

Figure 6: PER factors for space heating for various locations integrated into the PHPP. Average value and variation.

4. Building Site & Size

Accounts for: Local renewable availability Building size vs roof area Supply vs Demand balance Viable short- vs long-term storage

FRAMEWORK CALCULATION METHOLOGY

BONUS

MATERIAL