9S Ocean current
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OCEAN CURRENT
- Animal adaptation
- Humans and technology
- Exclusive Interview ( Emily Penn )
- Ecosystems
- Dangers
Contents
Over Fishing
Green sea turtle adaptations
Humans and technology
Interview with Emily Penn
Ecosystems
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EDITOR’S COMMENTS This magazine shows you the in and outs of the
threats of the sea and how much we as Humans
depend on the oceans and its diverse inhabitants.
It tells us how much we are ruining are Ocean
and its decreasing wildlife. We are looking into the
adaptations of the Green sea turtle. And we have
an exclusive interview with marine biologist expert
Emily Penn.
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Over Fishing Over 100 million sharks are killed every year
by humans, that’s just over 3 sharks per
second that are killed by Humans. Most of the
sharks that are killed just have their fins
brutally cut off and are then just thrown back
into the ocean. It is predicted that in just 2
decades sharks will become extinct due to the
alarming rate of shark killings.
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Most of the waste we produce on land eventually reaches
the oceans, either through
dumping or through drains and rivers. This includes:
Oil
Oil spills cause a huge amount of damage to marine life in the
oceans. Many people believe that
most of the oil has come from spillages or wreck but in fact
only 12% of the oil in the ocean has come from this and 36%
has come from the drains and rivers inland.
Sewage disposal
In many parts of the world, sewage flows untreated, or under
-treated, into the ocean. For example, 80% of urban sewage
discharged into the Mediterranean Sea is untreated.
Garbage
Solid garbage also makes its way to the ocean. Plastic bags,
balloons, glass bottles, shoes, almost eve-
rything we throw away can reach the sea if
it isn’t disposed of properly 4
Green sea turtle Adaptations SWIMMING
Sea turtles are strong swimmers. The cruising speed for green sea turtles is about 1.5 to
2.3 kph (0.9-1.4 mph). Leatherbacks have been recorded at speeds of 1.5 to 9.3 kph (0.9-
5.8 mph).
Forelimbs are modified into long, paddle-like flippers for swimming. Neck and limbs are
non-retractile. The shell adaptations necessary for retractile limbs would impede rapid
swimming. With the exception of females that come ashore to nest, sea turtles spend
their entire lives at sea and are well adapted to an aquatic existence.
DIVING
Sea turtles are excellent divers. Leatherbacks routinely dive more than 305 m (1,000 ft.).
They may reach depths of more than 1,190 m (3,900 ft.) seeking jellyfish for prey. Since
they are cold-blooded, sea turtles have a slow metabolic rate. This slowed metabolism
allows them to stay submerged for long periods of time.
o Hawksbill turtles have been known to remain submerged for 35 to 45 minutes.
o Green sea turtles can stay under water for as long as five hours. Their heart rate slows
to conserve oxygen: nine minutes may elapse between heartbeats.
In the north-central Gulf of California, black sea turtles return each year to specific areas.
They bury themselves in sand or mud under water and may remain dormant from
November to March. Although they can remain submerged for long periods, sea turtles
must return to the surface for a breath of air. During long dives, blood is shunted away
from tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, brain, and central nervous
system. Leatherbacks have high concentrations of red blood cells;
therefore, their blood retains more oxygen. The muscle of
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Green sea turtle Adaptations SWIMMING
Sea turtles are strong swimmers. The cruising speed for green sea turtles is about 1.5 to
2.3 kph (0.9-1.4 mph). Leatherbacks have been recorded at speeds of 1.5 to 9.3 kph (0.9-
5.8 mph).
Forelimbs are modified into long, paddle-like flippers for swimming. Neck and limbs are
non-retractile. The shell adaptations necessary for retractile limbs would impede rapid
swimming. With the exception of females that come ashore to nest, sea turtles spend
their entire lives at sea and are well adapted to an aquatic existence.
DIVING
Sea turtles are excellent divers. Leatherbacks routinely dive more than 305 m (1,000 ft.).
They may reach depths of more than 1,190 m (3,900 ft.) seeking jellyfish for prey. Since
they are cold-blooded, sea turtles have a slow metabolic rate. This slowed metabolism
allows them to stay submerged for long periods of time.
o Hawksbill turtles have been known to remain submerged for 35 to 45 minutes.
o Green sea turtles can stay under water for as long as five hours. Their heart rate slows
to conserve oxygen: nine minutes may elapse between heartbeats.
In the north-central Gulf of California, black sea turtles return each year to specific areas.
They bury themselves in sand or mud under water and may remain dormant from
November to March. Although they can remain submerged for long periods, sea turtles
must return to the surface for a breath of air. During long dives, blood is shunted away
from tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, brain, and central nervous
system. Leatherbacks have high concentrations of red blood cells;
therefore, their blood retains more oxygen. The muscle of
tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, brain, and central nervous
leatherbacks has a high content of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin.
Myoglobin transports and stores oxygen in muscle
tissue.
RESPIRATION
In studies conducted on green sea turtles, lung capacity exchange in one breath
exceeded 50%.
SALT SECRETION
Sea turtles can live in seawater with no need for a freshwater source. They obtain
sufficient water from their diet and from metabolizing seawater. Like other marine
reptiles and seabirds, sea turtles have a salt gland to rid their bodies of excess salt.
This gland empties into the sea turtles' eyes. The secretion of salt and fluid makes
them look as if they are "crying" when they come ashore. These "tears" also help
keep the eyes free of sand while females dig their nests. A special gland empties
excess salt and fluids into a sea turtle's eyes. These tears help keep the eyes free of
sand.
SEA TURTLES ON LAND
For the most part, the only time sea turtles leave the sea is when females haul out
to lay eggs. On some uninhabited or sparsely-inhabited beaches, turtles have been
observed basking on land. Many adaptations that make sea
turtles successful in the sea make them slow and vulnerable
on land. Sea turtles are slow and vulnerable on the land.
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Interview with Emily Penn Emily Penn is an expert in marine biology, she has
travelled many of the worlds oceans, surveying and
protecting our oceans and beaches. So we decided
to ask her a variety of questions…
What effect will rising sea levels do to our oceans?
“From my experience in the Pacific islands shows
that it is really having an impact. It’s making their
fresh water supplies contaminated with salt”.
What can we do to prevent overfishing?
“well, you could look closely at the fish you eat.
There are many websites which can tell you about
what fish are sustainable, and which types of fish
you should eat. By eating fish that is caught on a
line is much better than eating fish caught by a net.”
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What do you think of the state of the beaches
around the world?
“There is definitely a lot of plastic siting on them,
there are definitely challenges ahead but there are a
lot of great groups doing a lot of beach clean ups”.
Did you ever have someone who inspired you and
why?
“I think my inspiration was during my trip around
the world on earth race, the founder of the earth
race was Pete Bethuane and he had a great saying
“Be strong and stand up for what you believe in”.
and it really helped me make that decision to do
something different and stand up for what I believe
in.
Ecosystems The definition of an Ecosystem; a biological
community of interacting
organisms and their physical environment.
There are millions of Ecosystems across the world’s
oceans. The biggest and certainly the best known coral
reef in the world is the great barrier reef. The great
barrier stretches along the west coast of Australia for a
huge 1,553 miles that’s over twice the length of Brit-
ain. This gigantic reef that can be seen
from outer space is home to over , 1,500
species of fish, that’s around 10%
of the entire worlds species of
fish, 134 species of
sharks and rays,
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six of the world's seven species of
threatened marine turtles, and more than 30
species of marine mammals. Thirty species of
whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been
recorded in the Great Barrier Reef. Seventeen
species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef.
Reefs play an important role in protecting the
shoreline from storms and surge water Reefs play
an important role in protecting the shoreline from
storms and surge .Most corals and sponges are
filter feeders, which means that they consume
particulate matter suspended in the water column.
This contributes to enhanced quality and clarity of
our near shore waters.
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Adopt a Sea Turtle
From only £3 a month you can adopt a Sea Turtle to stop the cruel killing
of over 250,000 sea turtles a year. You will be helping to Reduce illegal
fishing, promoting sustainable fishing practices, expanding and creating
Marine Protected Areas. Helping local communities conserve and manage
the natural environment. Achieving government agreements to ban
commercial harvesting of marine Turtles. Your support will also help fund
our other essential work around the world.
In association with WWF.
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