8. S War, Rising, War, Independence

Rising, War and Independence (?)

Birth of the Irish Republic

Grand Old Dame Britania

Rising, War and Independence (?)

Birth of the Irish Republic

Belfast - Harland and Wolff

Conditions of the poor

VLC media player.lnk

Tenement Housing

Slum

Labor

• 1908 Irish Transport and General Workers Union founded by James LArkin

• 1911 Irish Women Workers’ Union• 1912 Irish Labour Party

James Larkin

• 1907 National Union of Dock Labourers• Sent to Dublin• Often too extreme for workers as well as

employers.

1913 Strike and riots

• William Murphy demands pledge of loyalty– August 26 Tram Workers walk

• August 29 Mass meeting prohibited– August 30, 31 Meetings and riots

1913 Lockout

• 2 September. The Dublin Coal Merchants’ Association lock out union members– 2/12 Farmers in Co. Dublin gave notice to

labourers who belong to the union; Dublin Carriers’ Association fires workers who refuse to handle ‘tainted’ goods

– 2/22 Timber Merchants’ employees join the boycott

– 2/27 Food aid from England

Food for the strikers

Arrest of Larkin

Home Rule III

Home Rule III

Home Rule III

• Passed for third time• Asquith supports separate amending bill

giving choice to Ulster

Home Rule –Curragh Mutiny

• General Officer Commanding Ireland—Lieut. Gen. Sir Arthur Paget; Brig. Gen Gough at Curragh– Task – Move into Ulster to secure army depots in

Ireland from threats by Unionists– Paget issues offer to let officers resign, rather than

enforce the Home Rule Act 1914 in Ulster. – Curragh: 70 British Army Officers: 57 accept

Arming

• Ulster volunteers (~100,000) – May 1914 Larne: 25,000 rifles and 3,000,000

rounds of ammunition from Germany• Irish Volunteers (~180,000)– July 1914, Howth: 900 Mauser 11 mm calibre

single shot rifles (1871 vintage) and 29,000 rounds of its black powder ammunition

Ulster Volunteers

1914 Defence of the Realm Act

• Broad powers• Prohibit– Kite flying– Lighting bonfires– Buying binoculars– Feeding bread to wild animals

• Watered down drinks at pubs with short hours

Recruiting - Ireland~ 55% Catholic; ~ 45% Protestant

Irish in the British Army

206,000 total from Ireland• 58,000 already enlisted in the British Regular

Army or Navy • 130,000 men new volunteers– 24,000 from the Redmondite National Volunteers.– 26,000 from the Ulster Volunteers.– 80,000 no paramilitary background

Recruitment rate

1914 44,000 1915 45,000 Pope denounces war; Gallipoli1916 19,000 Easter Rising and reprisal1917 14,000 1918 11,000 - 15,655,

Easter Rising

Combatants

• Irish Volunteer Force ~ 1500• Irish Citizens Army ~250

Commanders

• Pearse – Supreme Commander• James Connolly- Commandant

General of the Dublin District

Commanders -GPO

• Joseph Plunkett– Michael Collins

Commanders

• South Dublin Union – Eamon Ceannt

• Boland’s Mill– Eamonn de Valera

Commanders

• Four Courts– Edward Daly

• Jacob’s Biscuit– Thomas MacDonagh

Commanders St, Stephen’s

• Michael Malin– Countess Markievicz

Lissadell

Countess as Artist

Eva in a blue dress,

Painted in prison

Easter Monday

• Fortify positions• Attack on Dublin Castle fails• Looting

Putting down the rising

• Tuesday - British reinforcements• Wednesday – Use of artillery• Bombardment continues even after GPO is

abandoned• Saturday – Nurse Elizabeth O Farrell mediates

surrender of Pearse

Casualties of Easter Rising 1916

• Killed – 142 British soldiers and police – 64 rebels – 254 civilians

• Wounded– 2,000 people

Sheehy-Skeffington

After the Rising - GPO

GPO

Sackville St.

Thomas O'Shaughnessy, St. Patrick’s, Chicago

Thomas O'Shaughnessy, St. Patrick’s, Chicago

Arrests - Executions

• 3500 arrests• 1841 interned in Frongoch• 97 condemned• 16 executed

Guantanamo of Wales – Frongoch Prison

‘The real Ireland, as opposed to the false doctrines of the Sinn Féin rebels: Captain William Redmond, Mr. John Redmond’s soldier brother, leading Irish troops’.

Captain Redmond was killed at the front in 1917

Thomas Ashe (1885-1917)

• Teacher and founder of pipe band• Leader of Easter rising in N. Dublin• Imprisoned and then released in 1917• Rearrested for sedition• Hunger strike, demanding prisoner of war

status• Dies while being force fed

Sinn Féin

• 1906 Founded by Arthur Griffith

• Radicalized after Easter Rising– Released prisoners

They do not want to fight England by arms, but ‘to ignore her, boycott her, and quietly assume the administration of Irish affairs.

Jawaharlal Nehru, 1907

1918 Election

• Sinn Fein 73 (46.9%)– 46 w. arrest records

• Irish Unionist 22 (25.3%)• I.P.P. 6 (21.7%)• Other 4

Ulster

Antrim

Down

Armagh

DerryDonegal

Cavan

Monaghan

Tyrone

Fermanagh

Sinn Féin – 1918 manifesto

• Reaffirming the inalienable right of the Irish Nation to sovereign independence, reaffirming the determination of the Irish people to achieve it, and guaranteeing within the independent Nation equal rights and equal opportunities to all its citizens.

Sinn Féin – 1918 manifesto

• Withdraw Irish MPs from the British Parliament

• Use all means to contest military subjection• Establish an Irish constituent assembly• Appeal to the Versailles peace conference for

“establishment of Ireland as an Independent Nation”

First Dail• Members released from prison

Resistance

1919-20 De Valera Mission to the US

• Attends Republican National Convention• Fails to get recognition for Ireland• Raises ~ $6,000,000– High administrative expenses – Waldorf– Bonds for Irish Press Group (de Valera family

company)

Assassinations

By 1921• 400 Royal Irish Constabulary• 160 soldiers

Black and Tans

Black and Tans

• Sacking of villages• Break-ins• Humiliation• Auxiliaries of RIC

Treaty

• July 21, 1921 Truce• Separate 6 counties• Dominion status