Transcript
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MATERIALS FOR GREEN ENERGY
J.R.MoranteIREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Plaa de les Dones de Negre,1.
Sant Adri del Bess, 08930. Spain.
Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, C/Mart i Franqus,1.
Barcelona,08028. Spain.
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Catalonia Institutefor
Energy Research
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0-1.5 toe c.a. 0- 5liters
1.5-3 toe c.a. 5-10liters
3-4.5 toe c.a. 10-15liters
4.5-6 toe c.a. 15-20 liters.
>6 toe c.a. >20 liters.
Sources: BP + IREC
toe= ton equivalent of oil
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Renewables 831.1 7%
Hydroelectricity 237.4 2%
Nuclear 560.4 4%
Coal 3730.1 30%
Natural Gas 2987.1 24%
Oil 4130.5 33%
total 12476.6 100%
One million tonnes of oil or
oil equivalent produces
about 4400 gigawatt-hours
(= 4.4 terawatt-hours) of
electricity in a modern power
station (42 GigaJoules)
Equivalent to 6,3 TW (8760hours/year)
Sources: BP + IREC
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STRUCTURE OF TOTAL NET GENERATION OF EUROPEAN
UNION COUNTRIES MEMBERS OF THE CONTINENTAL
EUROPE (ENTSO-E) (%)
Sources ENTSO-E (european network of
transmission system operators for electricity)
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Europe entire electricity
consumption could be met if
just 0.34% of the European
land mass was covered with
photovoltaic modules (an
area equivalent to the
Netherlands). InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA)
calculations show that if 4%
of the worlds very dry
desert areas were used forPV installations, the worlds
total primary energy demand
could be met.
Source: EPIA
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Feedstock
CO2, H2OIntermediates:
H& reduced CO2 Fuel Synthesis
Energy
Green
electricity
SUN
Direct way : energy fromthe photons ( sun light)
1.- Solar hydrogen
2.- Solar fuels
3.- Artificial photosynthesis
Ect.
Indirect way: electricity
from renewal energies.
1.-PV energy
2.-Wind energy
3.-Ocean energy
Etc.
Scenarios: Electrical + gas & liquid power
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Scenarios: Electrical + gas & liquid power + ENERGY STORAGE
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ELECTRICITY AND GAS NETWORKS INTERACTION
Source: GNF
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Chem Phys Phys Chem 2009
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1.-Photons to electr ical energy co nversion : photo volta ic and thermion ic
mechanisms and devices
2.-Phonons to electr ical energy c onv ersion: thermoelectr ic i tymechanisms and devices.
3.- Chemicals in the energy conv ersion: sun power to fuel and chemical
detect ion m echanisms and thei r devices
Photon/Electron to chemical energy: SUN FUELS
Chemical energy to electricity and vice versa: ENERGY STORAGE
FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
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Photon harvesting using one
dimensional nanostructures
5%
>12%
Sun Fuels:
STH
Efficiency
Source: MRS Bulletin+IREC
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What can bring the use of nanowires?
Advanced Materials, 19(10), 1347-1351 (2007)Applied Physics Letters, 91(12) (2007)
I. Tsakalakos et al.) General Electric. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2007
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Effective charge separation
Large surface volume ratio
Light absorption is a complex phenomenon with strong dependence
on the nanowire dimensions and the wavelength of the photons.
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Improved strain relaxation using one dimensional
nanostructures.
geometry of nanowire crystals is expected to favour elastic strain
relaxation, providing great freedom in the design of new
compositional multijunction solar cells grown on mismatched
materials
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Nanowire diameters are smaller than or comparable to the radiation
wavelength.
In this case, optical interference and guiding effects play a dominant role in
relation to reflectivity and absorption spectra.For low-absorbing materials (for example, indirect band gap materials such as
silicon), wave guiding effects plays a key role whereas highly absorbing
semiconductors (such as direct-band gap GaAs or ZnO) exhibit resonances
that increase the total absorption several times.
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The influence of wire size, incident wavelength, degree of polarization and the presenceof a substrate on the optical near fields generated by cavity modes of individual
hexagonal ZnO nanowires can be analyzed combining scanning near-field optical
microscopy (SNOM) with electrodynamics calculations within the discrete dipole
approximation (DDA).
Rational design of optoelectronic
devices in which the manipulation
of light at the nanoscale is a key
feature.Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 16201626,
Nanowires lying on a
substrate
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Although many basic studies have been performed using nanowires lying on a
substrate which exhibit also such rich phenomena concerning absorption;
nanowire vertical arrays currently seem to be the most reasonable device
proposal.
Recently, EPFL researchers. have published this analysis determining the
influence of the diameter and probing experimentally that light absorption in
single standing nanowires is more than one order of magnitude more efficient
than is predicted from the LambertBeer law.
NATURE PHOTONICS | VOL 7 | 306 APRIL 2013 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics
A. Fontcuberta et al.
The periodic modulationwith wavelength is a result
of FabryPerot interference
in the polymer layer and not
an artefact of the simulation.
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An interesting point of view
reported by A. Fontcuberta et al.,
(NanoPhotnic 2013) is the use of
the absorption cross section
probing that it is larger that the
physical section area of the
nanowire.
It is equivalent to have an effective
photon concentration. Here, the
concentrator factor have been
estimated to be more than a factor10 for a diameter of 380nm and
wavelength near the band gap.
Two dominant branches for low and high diameters are observed,
corresponding to resonances similar to those observed in wires lying on asubstrate.
Experimental electrical measurements have been performed on this individual
nanowires corroborating these results and confirming the large differences
concerning thin films.
H i tti
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How success in getting
standing array of nanowires?
Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832
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The Ga droplet first pins on the substrate
and, after dissolution of the native oxide,
it dissolves the silicon forming a
nanoscale hole. Upon saturation of the
Ga droplet, the GaAs nanowire growthstarts.
Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486
Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832
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SEM micrographs of a field of nanowires grown at 620 C
under a V/III BEP ratio of 15, 30 and 60. The percentage of
vertical nanowires increases.
Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486
Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832
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Schematic drawing of the initial and advanced stages of self-catalyzed
nanowire growth and the effect of the relative size of the Ga droplet with
respect to the seed on the nanowire orientation,Schematic drawing showing the evolution of the vertical to angled wires
as a function of the temperature and V/III ratio.
The approximate incubation times are indicated.
20s120s
300s
Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486
Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832
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Representative cross-sectionSEM micrograph of a field of
nanowires grown at 645 C
under a V/III BEP ratio of 60.
Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486
New Photovoltaic Technologies of high efficiency
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Small 4, 7, 899-903 (2008)
Applied Physics Letters, 92(6)(2008)
New Photovoltaic Technologies of high efficiency
based on nanowires
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Nanowires with coaxial shells
a)
(220)
(022)
(42-2)
[1-11] GaAs
(242)
(20-2)
b)
MQWs
AGaAs Core
[1-11]
GaAs
S1
GaAs
S2MQWs
B
d)c)
AlAs/GaAs
MQWs
GaAs S1
GaAs S2
(110)
(011)
GaAs Core
[1-11]
AB
(10-1)
Small 4, 7, 899-903 (2008)
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J. Wallentin et al. Science (2013)
Challenge: New idea for harvesting the sun light produce fuel
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Challenge: New idea for harvesting the sun light, produce fuel
and/or storage the energy at social and sustainable cost
Stanford group Nat. Mat.(2010)
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31
ITO p-type substrate
Silicon n-type substrate
Nanowires multijunction: possibilities
to stack many junctions without
restrictions due to the lattice matching
For large ground-mounted
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For large ground mounted
systems, the generation
costs in 2010 range from around
0.29/kWh in the north of Europe
to0.15/kWh in the south and
as low as0.12/kWh in theMiddle East.
According to EPIA estimations
those rates will fall significantly
over the next decade. Expected
generation costs for large,ground-mounted PV systems in
2020 are in the range of0.07 to
0.17/kWh across Europe.
In the sunniest Sunbelt countries
the rate could be as low as0.04/kWh by 2030.
EPIA forecasts that prices for residential PV
systems will also decrease strongly over the next
20 years.
However, they will remain more expensive thanlarge ground-mounted systems
C iti t i l
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Critic materials
Source: JRC ispra ( Italy)
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Critic materials
1 GW
ca. 63 Tm of Te
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Source: Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cells journal (2013)
PV t h l i St t f th t
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PV technologies: State of the art
Emerging technologies
Tandem cells
2nd generation
1st generation
Source: NRL+IREC
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Photovoltaicfarm = 15%
Auxiliary
system. 2% Water feedstock
preparation 1%
Waterelectrolysis 85%
CO2 feedstock
preparation 4%
Fuel
synthesis 8%
Could be CO2
captured from the air ?
transpo
rtation
Water vapor
H2
CO2
Energy
Storage
Synthetic
gasoline
Energy
Harvesting
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Electrolyzers/E.C.12-20% >12%
< 70%
Solar fuels
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Photo electrochemical process: photo anode, photo
cathode, dark electrodes
TiO2, fotoconduction at 387,4 nm, CB
i VB correctWO3, fotoconduction at 476,6 nm, it
is necessary to apply a potential
Fe2O3, fotoconduction at 590,47
nm, it is necessary to apply a potential
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New concepts:
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New concepts:
Schematic of the nano-emmiter concept photoelectrode working in the photoelectrocatalytic mode:
p type semiconductor. The high electric field induced under the nanoscopic MOS junctionsintroduces finger-like drains that scavenge photo-generated minority charge carriers whiles the
majority charge carriers are driven towards the back contact. Electrons reaching the semiconductor
surface are rapidly transferred to the metal-electrolyte interface and consumed by the redox
reaction
Photocathodes
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Photocathodes
STH >15%
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SUN LIGTH to HEAT and from HEAT to ELECTRICITY
improving the energy harvesting from the sun
Sun radiates energy as a 6000Kblackbody radiator with part of
the energy in the ultraviolet (UV)
spectrum and part in the
infrared (IR) spectrum
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Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 1033210334
Cu2xS nanoparticles
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Cu2ZnGeSe4 Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties
JAC2012, 134, 40604063
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Composition Control and Thermoelectric Properties of
Quaternary Chalcogenide Nanocrystals: The Case of
Stannite Cu2CdSnSe4
Chemistry of materials 2012 ; 24, 562570
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(PbTe)0.28@(PbS)0.72 coreshell nanoparticles
with crystalline PbS shells
CoreShell Nanoparticles As Building Blocks for the
Bottom-Up Production of Functional
Nanocomposites: PbTePbS ThermoelectricProperties . ACS nano 2013 VOL. 7 NO. 3 2573
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Powders
inks
Layer
depositions
Batteries
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A battery is a device which directly convert the chemical
energy (contained at the electodes) in electric energy
through an electrochemical reaction of
oxidation/reduction.
Battery definition
Primary battery: the chemical reaction between the two electrodes is not reversible;
chemical energy turn into electric energy but not in the opposite way (no rechargeable)
Secundary batteries: to recharge is allowed, through a reversible redox reaction
Anode: it loses electrons
Chatode: it gains electronesElectrolyte: good ionic conductivity
Potential (V) Energy density
Power density
Ciclability
EnvironmentPrice
Security
Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
E = EchatodeEanode= 0.36 (-0.76) = 1.12 V
Batteries
Batteries
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Ion- Li batteries
Li advantages
Very high redox system
Light element
High energy density
High power densityLow thickness
No memory effect
No heavy metals
Li disadvantages
No watery electrolytes
Difficult manipulation of LiLow abailability
High cost
Dendritic growth
Poor ciclability
Security
Liz[H1] Liz-x[H1] + xLi++ xe-Negative electrode:
Positive electrode:
3.7 V
Liy[H2] + xLi++ xe- Lix+y[H2]
Batteries
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Structure of ntTiO2/Fe2O3Nanowires
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VANADIUM LITHUM
35000
(>20 years)
1000
(3 years)
Energy
density low
Energy
density high
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Prototype from Zigor (Spain).
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New Liquid Electrolyte or Semi Solid
Continuous Flow Cells:
Increase the energy density
To change electrodes materials as sulfuric
based electrolyte can be avoided.To wide the range of potential active ions
24M (A123)
Dream or Reality?
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Mass and Volume densi ty can be increased mo re than a factor 12
Imp roving the performances of the standard sol id state ion l i th ium b atter ies
And changing all the strategy for infrastructures developments for EV?
Dream or Reality?
Source:
24M
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I
R
E
Conclusions and future research
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New nanomaterials and processing to achieve new or improved devices for
third solar generation is nowadays a challenge for achieving reliable high
efficiency solar energy conversion .
Next efforts will be crucial for corroborating the promising features arisenby the artificial photosynthesis based processes.
Photo catalysis offer clean competitive alternatives for the photogeneration
of hydrogen and photoreduction of CO2
New materials and devices are needed.
The use of new concept combining materials and catalysts at the nano
scale is outstanding and must allow future improvement
Gas and liquid photo reactors become a system engineering challenge.
The very big challenge concerns new materials, new ideas and novel
systems able to effectively capture CO2 (from the air).
New high efficiency thermoelectricity is also an outstanding challenge
Finally, energy storage ( electrical and chemical ) is likely the more seriouschallenge
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Mercs per la vostra atenci!
Gracias por vuestra atencin!
Thanks for your attention!
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Patronos:
Con financiacin de:
Prof. J.R.Morantejrmorante@irec.cat
mailto:jrmorante@irec.catmailto:jrmorante@irec.cat
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