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Beyond 3G: 3GPP Long Term Evolution and 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband
WOCC ’07, 2007.04.28
Hyung G. Myung, Qualcomm/Flarion
hmyung@qualcomm.com
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 1
DisclaimerDisclaimerDisclaimerDisclaimer
Any views expressed by the presenter do not necessarily reflect
the views of the company.
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 2
OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
Introduction and Background
FLASH-OFDM (pre-UMB)
3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
Summary and References
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Introduction and Background
3GPP LTE
FLASH-OFDM
3GPP2 UMB
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 4
Beyond 3GBeyond 3GBeyond 3GBeyond 3G
• International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000
introduced global standard for 3G.
• Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) is set to introduce
evolutionary path beyond 3G.
– Mobile class targets 100 Mbps with high mobility and nomadic/
local area class targets 1 Gbps with low mobility.
• 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently developing evolutionary/
revolutionary systems beyond 3G.
– 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
Introduction and Background
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 5
3GPP Evolution3GPP Evolution3GPP Evolution3GPP Evolution
• Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA
• Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA
• Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA
• Rel-7 (2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem),
optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk).
• Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– 3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in
November 2004.
– Currently, standardization in progress in the form of Rel-8.
– Spec scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2007/early 2008.
– Target deployment in 2010.
Introduction and Background
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 6
3GPP2 Evolution3GPP2 Evolution3GPP2 Evolution3GPP2 Evolution
• CDMA2000 1X (1999)
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2000)
• EV-DO Rev. A (2004): VoIP
• EV-DO Rev. B (2006): Multi-carrier
• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), f.k.a. EV-DO Rev. C
– Based on EV-DO, IEEE 802.20, and FLASH-OFDM
– Spec by Apr. 2007.
– Commercially available in early 2009.
Introduction and Background
Introduction and Background
3GPP LTE
FLASH-OFDM
3GPP2 UMB
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 8
Requirements of LTERequirements of LTERequirements of LTERequirements of LTE
• Peak data rate
– 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.
• Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
• Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
• Mobility
– Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
– 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
– Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.
• Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)
• Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz
• Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 9
Key Features of LTEKey Features of LTEKey Features of LTEKey Features of LTE
• Multiple access scheme
– DL: OFDMA with CP.
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.
• Adaptive modulation and coding
– DL/UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– Convolutional code and Rel-6 turbo code
• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques
– (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
– Multi-user MIMO also supported.
• Support for both FDD and TDD
• H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc.
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 10
LTE Network ArchitectureLTE Network ArchitectureLTE Network ArchitectureLTE Network Architecture
• E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
NB: NodeB (base station)RNC: Radio Network ControllerSGSN: Serving GPRS Support NodeGGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
RNC RNC
SGSN
GGSN
NB NB NB NB
UMTS 3G: UTRAN
eNB
aGW(MME/UPE)
aGW(MME/UPE)
S1
X2
E-UTRAN
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
eNB eNB
eNB
eNB: E-UTRAN NodeBaGW: Access GatewayMME: Mobility Management EntityUPE: User Plane Entity
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 11
LTE Frame StructureLTE Frame StructureLTE Frame StructureLTE Frame Structure
• Two radio frame structures defined.
– Generic frame structure: FDD and TDD.
– Alternative frame structure: TDD only.
• Generic radio frame has duration of 10 ms. It consists of 20 slots.
A slot has a duration of 0.5 ms. 2 slots comprise a subframe.
• A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration
of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz.
#0#0 #1#1 #2#2 #3#3 #19#19
One slot, Tslot = 15360×Ts = 0.5 ms
One radio frame, Tf = 307200×Ts=10 ms
#18#18
One subframe
* Ts = 1/(15000×2048) sec
* Generic radio frame structurea.k.a. TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 12
LTE DL Slot StructureLTE DL Slot StructureLTE DL Slot StructureLTE DL Slot Structure
One downlink slot, Tslot
subc
arri
ers
NB
WD
Lsu
bcar
rier
sN
BW
DL
NB
WD
L
Resource element
OFDM symbolsDLsymbN OFDM symbolsDLsymbN
One
res
ourc
e bl
ock,
NB
Wsu
bcar
rier
sR
BO
ne r
esou
rce
bloc
k, N
BW
subc
arri
ers
RB
(16.67/512)(16.67/384)(16.67/256)(16.67/128)(16.67/64)(16.67/32)Long
(4.69/144)
× 6,(5.21/160)
×1
(4.69/108)
× 6,(5.21/120)
× 1
(4.69/72) ×6,
(5.21/80) ×1
(4.69/36) ×6,
(5.21/40) ×1
(4.69/18) ×6,
(5.21/20) ×1
(4.69/9) × 6,(5.21/10) ×
1*
ShortCP
length (μμμμs/samp
les)
7/6
Number of
OFDM symbols
per sub frame
(Short/Long CP)
120190160130115176
Number of
occupied
sub-carriers
204815361024512256128FFT size
30.72 MHz(8 × 3.84 MHz)
23.04 MHz(6 × 3.84 MHz)
15.36 MHz(4 × 3.84 MHz)
7.68 MHz(2 × 3.84 MHz)
3.84 MHz1.92 MHz(1/2 × 3.84 MHz)
Sampling
frequency
15 kHzSub-carrier
spacing
0.5 msSlot duration
20 MHz15 MHz 10 MHz5 MHz2.5 MHz1.25 MHzTransmission BW
#0#0 #1#1 #2#2 #3#3 #19#19
One slot, Tslot = 15360×Ts = 0.5 ms
One radio frame, Tf = 307200×Ts=10 ms
#18#18
One subframe
* 3GPP TR 25.814
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 13
LTE DL MIMOLTE DL MIMOLTE DL MIMOLTE DL MIMO
• Support up to 4x4 configuration.
• Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity (TxD).
– SM
• Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback
from user.
• Multiple codewords
– TxD: SFBC/STBC, switched TxD, CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
considered.
• MU-MIMO supported.
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 14
LTE UL: Single Carrier FDMALTE UL: Single Carrier FDMALTE UL: Single Carrier FDMALTE UL: Single Carrier FDMA
• What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?
– Single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization.
– Similar performance and essentially the same overall structure as
those of OFDMA system. ⇒ DFT-spread OFDMA.
– Low PAPR.
SubcarrierMapping
Channel
N-point DFT
M-point IDFT
Add CP / PS
DAC/ RFP
-to-S
S-to-P
N-point IDFT
SubcarrierDe-
mapping/ Equalization
M-pointDFT
DetectRemove CP
RF/ ADCS
-to-P
P-to-S
SC-FDMA:
OFDMA:
+*N < M
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parellel* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 15
LTE UL Slot Structure LTE UL Slot Structure LTE UL Slot Structure LTE UL Slot Structure
LB #0CP LB #1CP LB #2CP LB #3CP LB #4CP LB #6CP
1 slot = 0.5 ms
LB #5CP
Used for RS
#0#0 #1#1 #2#2 #3#3 #19#19
One slot, Tslot = 15360×Ts = 0.5 ms
One radio frame, Tf = 307200×Ts=10 ms
#18#18
One subframe
Serial-to-Parallel
M-point IDFT
N-pointDFT
Zeros
{ }0 1 1, , Nx x x −K Parallel-to-Serial
{ }0 1 1, , Mx x x −% % %K
SubcarrierMapping
subcarrier
0M-1
Zeros
One Block
Localized mapping with an option of adaptive scheduling or random hopping.
* LB: Long Block
* RS: Reference Signal
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 16
Resource Scheduling of Shared ChannelsResource Scheduling of Shared ChannelsResource Scheduling of Shared ChannelsResource Scheduling of Shared Channels
• Dynamic resource scheduler
resides in eNB on MAC layer.
• Radio resource assignment based
on radio condition, traffic volume,
and QoS requirements.
• Radio resource assignment
consists of:
– Physical Resource Block (PRB)
– Modulation and Coding Scheme
(MCS)
3GPP LTE
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 17
Radio Resource ManagementRadio Resource ManagementRadio Resource ManagementRadio Resource Management
• Radio bearer control (RBC)
• Radio admission control (RAC)
• Connection mobility control (CMC)
• Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)
• Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
• Load balancing (LB)
3GPP LTE
Introduction and Background
3GPP LTE
FLASH-OFDM
3GPP2 UMB
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 19
• Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff-OFDM
• OFDM-based flat all-IP system developed by Flarion
Technologies.
– System concept in 1998.
– Market trials in 2004.
– Commercial launch in 2005.
• Positioned as a pre-UMB system
FLASHFLASHFLASHFLASH----OFDMOFDMOFDMOFDM
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 20
• Packet-based flat all-IP system
• 1.25 MHz FDD with peak rates of 4.7 Mbps DL and 1.6 Mbps UL
• Fast tone hopping OFDM
• Full mobility support
• Efficient and fair scheduling through multiuser diversity, link
adaptation, and joint user/power/rate/bandwidth allocation
• LDPC coding
• Low latency: < 30 ms ping RTT
• Tightly integrated PHY and MAC
Key FeaturesKey FeaturesKey FeaturesKey Features
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 21
Basic System ParametersBasic System ParametersBasic System ParametersBasic System Parameters
11.25 kHzTone spacing
16 samples (~11.1 µs)Cyclic prefix
113 samplesTones used
128 samples (~88.8 µs)FFT size
1.25 MHz (FDD)Channel bandwidth
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 22
PHY FeaturesPHY FeaturesPHY FeaturesPHY Features
• Fast tone-hopping OFDM-based multiple access
– Intra-cell orthogonality and inter-cell interference averaging.
• Adaptive coding and modulation using LDPC coding
– Codewords are long enough to obtain high coding gain but short
enough to keep latency low.
– Rates adaptively adjusted based on DL channel condition and
power allocation.
• Fine granularity for allocating system resources
– Rapid transmission of short (control) messages.
– Efficient sharing of channel resources among mobiles.
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 23
MAC FeaturesMAC FeaturesMAC FeaturesMAC Features
• Fine granular channel structure based on OFDM PHY
• Optimized to support large number of users
– Multiple states: ON, HOLD, Sleep
– Fast transitions between states with QoS constraint.
• Low latency and fast ARQ
• Facilitates multiple scheduling options based on fairness constr
aints and QoS
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 24
Other FeaturesOther FeaturesOther FeaturesOther Features
• Flexband technology
– Fractional frequency reuse scheme.
– Carrier powers are scaled to create inner, middle, and outer
coverage cells. Adjacent sectors are power scaled to fill in the
coverage.
– More technical details in X. Wu et al., “Fractional Power Reuse in
Cellular Networks,” 44th Annual Allerton Conference, Sep. 2006.
• BeaconTone technology
– Every carrier transmits a beacon signal at full power. The mobile
constantly measures all available beacon signals and evaluate
which is the most optimal carrier in order to ensure the highest
data throughput.
– Enables fast acquisition and handoff.
FLASH-OFDM
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 25
FLASHFLASHFLASHFLASH----OFDM and UMB: CommonalityOFDM and UMB: CommonalityOFDM and UMB: CommonalityOFDM and UMB: Commonality
• Packet-based all-IP architecture
• Tone-hopping OFDMA
• OFDMA control signalling
• Low latency
• BeaconTone technology
• Fractional frequency reuse (Flexband) technique
• LDPC coding
• Efficient resource management
FLASH-OFDM
Introduction and Background
3GPP LTE
FLASH-OFDM
3GPP2 UMB
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 27
Key AspectsKey AspectsKey AspectsKey Aspects
• Multiples access schemes
– Forward link (FL): OFDMA
– Reverse link (RL): OFDMA & CDMA
• Peak data rate
– Up to 280 Mbps in FL and up to 68Mbps in RL.
• Advanced MIMO and SDMA
• Low latency
• Improved interference management techniques
• Scalable IP-based flat or hierarchical architecture and flexible spectrum allocations
– Bandwidth allocations of 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz
– Support for both FDD and TDD
3GPP2 UMB
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 28
UMB Network ArchitectureUMB Network ArchitectureUMB Network ArchitectureUMB Network Architecture
AN: Access NetworkRNC: Radio Network ControllerPDSN: Packet Data Serving Node
RNC
PDSN
Internet
AN AN
1xEV-DO
Internet
UMB
Gateway
IP Network
AN AN AN AN AN AN
3GPP2 UMB
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 29
• Transmission is divided into units of superframe.
UMB Frame StructureUMB Frame StructureUMB Frame StructureUMB Frame Structure
SuperframePreamble
FL PHYFrame #0
FL PHYFrame #1
FL PHYFrame #24
8 OFDM Symbols
8 OFDM Symbols
RL PHYFrame #0
RL PHYFrame #1
RL PHYFrame #24
8 OFDM Symbols
16 OFDM Symbols
Superframe Structure
FL
RL
3GPP2 UMB
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 30
FeaturesFeaturesFeaturesFeatures
• Channel coding
– Convolutional code for block lengths ≤ 128 and turbo code for
block lengths > 128
– LDPC coding optional
• Advanced MIMO, SDMA, and beamforming techniques for
higher rates/capacity and improved cell-edge performance
– SCW & MCW Precoding MIMO with rate and rank adaptation.
• Adaptive interference management
– Dynamic fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme.
– Dynamic RL power control.
• Synchronous H-ARQ on both FL and RL
3GPP2 UMB
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 31
Features Features Features Features ---- cont.cont.cont.cont.
• Beacon technique for fast acquisition and handoff
• Centralized resource allocation for both FL and RL
– “Sticky” assignment for delay sensitive applications (VoIP).
– “Non-sticky” assignment for best effort applications.
• Power savings optimization
– Quick paging.
– Semi-connected state.
3GPP2 UMB
Introduction and Background
3GPP LTE
FLASH-OFDM
3GPP2 UMB
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 33
SummarySummarySummarySummary
Summary and References
Distributed & blockLocalized (block)Subcarrier (tone) mapping
Convolutional coding, turbo coding, & LDPC coding
Convolutional coding & turbo codingChannel coding
SCW & MCW Precoding, STTD, SDMA,
& Beamforming
SCW & MCW Precoding, SFBC/STBC,
Switched TxD, & CDDMIMO
512 / 256~480‡ samples512 / 301 samplesFFT size / usable subcarriers†
9.6 kHz15 kHzSubcarrier spacing
QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAMQPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAMData modulation
YesYesSubcarrier hopping
OFDMA & CDMASC-FDMAUL (RL) multiple access
OFDMAOFDMADL (FL) multiple access
1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 MHz1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHzChannel bandwidth
3GPP2 UMB3GPP LTE
† For 5 MHz bandwidth in OFDMA.
‡ Number of usable subcarriers is variable.
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 34
References and ResourcesReferences and ResourcesReferences and ResourcesReferences and Resources
• 3GPP LTE and SC-FDMA– http://singlecarrierfdma.com
– H. Ekström et al., “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp. 38-45
– 3G Americas, “Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of UMTS/HSPA - 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond" available athttp://www.3gamericas.org/pdfs/UMTS_Rel7_Beyond_Dec2006.pdf
– H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006, pp. 30-38
• 3GPP LTE Spec (Draft)– http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
– http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm (old)
Summary and References
Beyond 3G: 3GPP LTE and 3GPP2 UMB | Apr. 28, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 35
References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources ---- cont.cont.cont.cont.
• 3GPP2 UMB– CTIA Wireless 2007 Special Interest Seminar on UMB available at
http://www.cdg.org/news/events/CDMASeminar/070327_UMB/index.asp
– CDG Evolution Path available athttp://www.cdg.org/news/events/webcast/061213_webcast/CDG%20Charts%20for%20Roadmap%20Webcast_13DEC2006F.pdf
• 3GPP2 UMB Spec (Draft)– http://www.3gpp2.org/Public_html/SC/C.S0084-0_v1.0_070406.zip
• FLASH-OFDM– R. Laroia et al., “Designing a Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Network,” IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., vol. 21, no. 5, Sep. 2004, pp. 20-28
– IEEE 802.20 Working Group on MBWA C802.20-03/16, “Initial Contribution on a System Meeting MBWA Characteristics,” Mar. 6 2003, available at http://www.ieee802.org/20/Contribs/C802.20-03-16.pdf
Summary and References
Questions? Thank you!
WOCC ’07, 2007.04.28
Hyung G. Myung, Qualcomm/Flarion
hmyung@qualcomm.com
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