Transcript
The Americas in the 19th Century
American Patterns, Unit 5
• “New Nation” Problems• Social hierarchy tensions– Colonial descendants, indigenous
peoples, slavery, & immigration
• Threats to unity– Foreign interventions post-
independence
• Industrialization vs. export economies
Plan of Attack
1. Analyze Spanish American Revolutions
2. Analyze United States expansion & economic development
3. Analyze interactions between North America and Latin America and Europe
Causes of Revolution: up to 1808• Creole
unhappiness–Plantations and
monopoly of trade to Spain
–Expulsion of Jesuits
• Enlightenment thinking & Other Revolutions
• Limited self-gov’t and population balance
Napoleon (1799-1814)
Spain Devolves into Civil War
Latin American Revolutions, 1810-1825
PARTICIPANTS?• Jesuits & Creoles create
new national identity: Americanismo–Not Spanish…so what is it?
South American Leadership
• Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin & United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
“New Nation” Problems
• Colonial heritage Problem identifying experienced political leadership
• Political Legitimacy: monarchy or republic? State boundaries?– Caudillismo (charismatic strongman)
• Economic hardship
Conservatives vs. Liberals
• Tension between:– Emphasizing Western superiority
(architecture; skin color; European standards of culture)
– Emphasis on indigenous cultures (dance; music; literature)
Mexico• Father Miguel
de Hidalgo, 1810
• Monarchy under Augustin de Iturbide
• Executed in 1824
• “Republic”
Cultural Development of U.S.
• American exceptionalism– Colonial heritage: Puritan “city on a hill”– The Revolution: shining beacon of liberty and self-
determination
• Expansionist culture: Manifest Destiny– “We love to indulge in thoughts of the future extent
and power of this Republic – because with its increase is the increase of human happiness and liberty…What has miserable, inefficient Mexico – with her superstition…her actual tyranny by the few over the many – what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the New World with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!” – Walt Whitman, poet, 1846
Global long-distance migration, 1840-1940Destination Origins Amount Auxiliary Origins
Americas (65% went to US)
Europe 55-58 million 2.5 million from India, China, Japan, Africa
SE Asia and Indian Ocean rim
India, S. China 48-52 million 5 million from Africa, Europe, NE Asia, Middle East
Manchuria, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan
NE Asia, Russia 46-51 million
Foreign Interventions• Monroe Doctrine (1823)• South American “Dollar Diplomacy”:
industrialized areas work with local governments to advance commercial interests.
• Mexico defeats Spanish invasion in 1829 and French invasions in 1838 and 1862, but loses territory to US in 1848
Roundtable Discussion
Roundtable Discussion
• How should we analyze the changes and continuities in North America from 1750-1900?
• How should we analyze the changes and continuities in Latin America from 1750-1900?
• How should we compare North America and Latin America in 1750?
• How should we compare North America and Latin America in 1900?
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