Transcript
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Proposal
Writing
Muhammad Ahmed, Osama Hasan, Zainab Mazhar, Ammar Hussain, Khwaja Ameer Hamza Waqar ChE-01-A
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
HU-202 | Technical/Business Writing
Semester Project Presentation
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Outline
� Answering the 5 Ws
� Types of Proposal
� Purpose and Audience Impact� Writing Process
� Elements of Business Proposal
� Elements of Research Proposal
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What?
� Proposal is:
F ormal description of the creation, modification or
termination of a contract .
( (WebF inanceWebF inance, 2010) , 2010)
� May serve as,
blueprint for a future agreement
� M
ay be accepted or rejected by the entity or entities thatreceive it.
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(Cont.)� Why?
± Targets audience to take specific action
� Where?
± Bureaucracy, NGOs, Academic Councils, Business
� When? ± Get Business, New Projects
, Partnership
� Who?
± Entrepreneur, Researcher, Department Head
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Types
� Business Proposal
± A written offer from a seller to a prospective
buyer, whenever a buyer considers more than
price in a purchase( (Newman, 2006)Newman, 2006)
� Research Proposal
± A document written by a scientist that describes
in details the program for a proposed scientificinvestigation.
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Business Proposal
� F ormally Solicited
± Written in response to published requirements,
contained in a Request for Proposal (RFP), Request
for Quotation (RFQ), or an Invitation For Bid (IFB).
� I nformally Solicited
± Result of conversations held between a vendor
and a prospective customer.
� U nsolicited Proposals
± Marketing brochures
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Purpose
Reason ² why are you writing?
� Strategy Analysis, Cause/Effect Statements,Illustrations, Examples, Comparisons,
Description, Narration
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Audience Impact
� Receptive Audience
± Direct Approach
�
Skeptical Audience ± Indirect Approach
± Buffer/Butter ;)
All audience have expectations
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Proposal Writing Process
� Pre-write
� Write
�Rewrite
Prewriting Writing Rewriting
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Proposal Writing Process: Prewriting
� Brainstorming
� Answers to 5 Ws and 1 H
�Mind mapping
� Surveys (optional)
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Proposal Writing Process: Writing
� Reviewing Pre-write
� Organization of Data
�Formatting
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Proposal Writing Process: Rewriting
� Adding Clarity
� Omissions
�Simplification
� Reformatting
� Corrections
� Rephrasing
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Elements of A Business Proposal
� Title Page
� Cover Letter
�
Table of Contents� List of Illustrations
� Executive Summary
� Introduction
� Discussion
� Conclusion/recommendation
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Business Proposal: Title Page
Someone said and we quote:
acts as a dust cover to keep the report neat
and clean. Includes:
± Title of the proposal
± Addressed audience
± Name of author and company
± Completion date
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Business Proposal: Cover Letter
± Prefaces the proposal
± Provides overview
± Tells about:
� Writing
� Subject
� Importance
�
Planning� Action
� Timeline
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Business Proposal: Table of Contents
± Flashes complete detail for topic specific readers
± Saves time and effort
± Provides exact brief of proposal
± May includes list of Illustrations
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Business Proposal: Executive Summary
± Abstract
± Brief overview of proposals key points
± Get across a low-tech reader
± Contains 3 10 sentences
± Focuses:
� Problem
� Suggested Solution� Implementation
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Business Proposal: Discussion
± Body of proposal
± Contains� Analyses
� Technical Descriptions/Instructions� Options
� Managerial Chains
� Corporate Credentials
�
Schedules� Cost Charts
� Projected Milestone
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Business Proposal:
Conclusions/RecommendationsConclusions
� Provides closure
�Specific Reveals Impact, Percentages etc
Recommendations
� Suggests next plan of action
Should be well knit for both executives and low-tech readers
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Elements of A Research Proposal
� Introduction
� Problem Statement
� Purpose of Study
� Literature Review
� Hypotheses
� Methodology
� Limitations and Delimitations
� Significance
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Research Proposal: Introduction
± Provides readers with the background
± Establish a framework for the research(Wilkinson, 1991)(Wilkinson, 1991)
± Create interest in topic
± Foundation for problem relating to study(Creswell, 1994)(Creswell, 1994)
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Research Proposal: Problem Statement
± Describes contacts for study
± Identifies general analysis approach( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)
± Issue that exists in literature, theory or practice(Creswell, 1994)(Creswell, 1994)
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Research Proposal: Purpose of Study
± Accurate synopsis if overall purpose of study(Locke, 1987)(Locke, 1987)
± Incorporates rationale for study
( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)
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Research Proposal: Literature Review
± Context for the research problem
± Establish needs for research( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)
± Shares results of prior studies( ( F raenkel F raenkel, 1990) , 1990)
± Relates topics to a larger horizon(Marshall, 1989)(Marshall, 1989)
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Research Proposal: Hypothesis
± Research question
± Declarative statement of relation between two or
more variables( (Kerlinger Kerlinger, 1979) ( , 1979) (Krathwohl Krathwohl, 1988) , 1988)
Types
1. Literary null
2. Operational null3. Literary alternative
4. Operational alternative
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Research Proposal: Methodology
± Heart of research proposal
± Maximum detailed description of activity( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)
Includes
i. Sampling
ii. Instrumentation
iii. Data Collection
iv. Data Analysis
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Research Proposal:Limitations and Delimitations
Limitation
± Identifies� Potential weakness of study
� Threats to internal validity
Delimitation
± Addresses
� How a study narrows in scope
� How is it bound
� Undos
( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)
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Research Proposal: Significance
± Indicates how research refines, revises, and
extends existing knowledge in investigation area
± Think pragmatically - $
± Focus both practitioners and peers( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)
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