Transcript
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Section 6-3
The American Home Front
December 7, 1941 - 1945
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A Day That Will Live in Infamy
Day after Pearl Harbor,
FDR gave his famousspeech
U.S. declared war on
JapanDec. 8, 1941
Germany and Italy todeclare war on the
U.S. on Dec 11
Neutrality Over
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Enlistment and Patriotism
American military NOTprepared for war.
Only 400,000 men on
active duty (others merely
registered)
The U.S. calls on American
men to enlist.
Women join too! (400,000) Nurses
WAC and WAVES
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Govt Film Recruiting Women
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGp93ijzok4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGp93ijzok4&feature=youtube_gdata_playerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGp93ijzok4&feature=youtube_gdata_player7/30/2019 3. American Home Front WWII
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Enlistment and Patriotism
Response OVERWHELMS
recruitment centers
Medical rejection
(Classification IV-F) causes
some to commit suicide
By end of waralmost 16
million men enlist or are
drafted (6 million voluntary)0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Pre-Attack After
U.S. Military
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Diversity in the Military
Discrimination in US societystill prevalent, but:
1,000,000 African Americans
300,000 Mexican-Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese AmericansServe in military during WWII
BUT SEGREGATED
The Golden 13First African-American Naval Officers
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Financing the WarFederal Spending:
1939: $ 9.4 billion
1945: $95.0 billion
TOTAL COST: $321 billion
Where to get the money? Taxes 41% of cost
Rest borrowed
WAR BONDS Like Liberty Bonds
$156 billion raised
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Propaganda
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Public Sacrifice During War
OPA
Office of Price Administration
Created to stop inflation and
price gouging
Rationing implemented.
Limit how much of a good each
person can buy
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Rationed Goods
20 EssentialCommodities Rationed
Rationed items include:
sugar, coffee, meats,grains, rubber and fuel.
People given rationstamps (had to havestamp to buy)
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Importance of Food Farms were producing as
much food as possible(double pre-war output)
Revives struggling farming
sector
Victory Gardens back!
Much of the food went toBritish and Russiansoldiers and citizens
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Shift in
Production
American Industry converts towar time production:
GM, Ford, and Chrysler
now make tanks,transports, bullets, etc.
Boeing makes bombers
and fighter.
Gun makers like Colt, make
machine guns,
flamethrowers, war rifles.
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Economic Gains
Unemploymentfell to only 1.2%
by 1944 andwages rose 35%
Farmersbenefited as
productiondoubled and theirincome tripled
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Pittsburgh Production
More Steel than all Axis Nations COMBINED
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LSTs
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The GP Vehicle
Developed in Butler, PA (North of Pittsburgh)
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H.J. Heinz Co.
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Balsa Wood Gliders
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Pittsburgh Production
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War Production
In full war mode, the U.S.was producing weaponsfaster than anybody
around thought that itwould or could.
In one month, the U.S.was able to produce up
to 4,000 tanks and 4,500planes.
Ship production alsoincreased dramatically.
Per month
0
5
10
15
20
25
Before After
Ship and Submarine Production
Ships and
Subs
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Aircraft Production
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
UnitedStates 2,141 6,068 19,433 47,836 85,898 96,318 46,001
Germany
8,295 10,862 12,401 15,409 24,807 40,593 7,540
Japan 4,467 4,768 5,088 8,861 16,693 28,180 8,263
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Arms/Armor Production
Chrysler(car company) makes 12,500,000 bullets A DAY
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Naval Production
CountryAircraftcarriers
Battleships Cruisers DestroyersConvoyescorts
SubmarinesMerchanttonnage
UnitedStates
22 8 48 349 420 203 33,993,230
Japan 16 2 9 63 183 167 4,152,361
Germany 0 2 17 23 1,141
Italy 0 3 6 6 28 1,469,606
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Unintended Benefits for Women
Before the war, 12
million women worked
in the U.S.
Desperate for workers toproduce weapons,
women replaced the
men that went to war.
18 million women in
workforce during war
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Women Produced Wartime Goods
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Womens Gains Toward Equality
Over 6 million women
entered the work force
for the first time
Over 1/3 were in the
defense industry.
Women enjoyed
economic gains duringthe war, although many
lost their jobs after
the war
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Success on the Home Front
The war provided a liftto the U.S. economy
Jobs were abundant
but rationing meanscannot spend money!
America emerges from
war as the worlds
dominant economic
and military power.
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Population Shifts
The war triggered the
greatest mass migration
in American history.
More than a million
newcomers to California
between 1941-1944.
Millions of African-Americans from south to
north. (Manufacturing jobs)
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The Ugly Side of the Home Front:Discrimination
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African-Americans Segregation in military
and at home Mistreatment by
Northern workers
Double V Campaign:Pittsburgh Courier
Victory for Allies
Victory for equality
After serving war effort,deserve respect!!
BUTlose jobs to whiteveterans after war
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Mexican-Americans Latino population ofLos
Angeles segregated inbarrio
Popular clothing style =
zoot suit Strong anti-Mexican
sentiment stemmingfrom 1942 Sleepy
Lagoon Case: Murder blamed on gang
of Mexican-Americanyouth
9 convicted (wrongly)
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Zoot Suit Riots 2 incidents of violence b/t
Mexican-American youth
and servicemen in 4 days(August 1942)
200 naval personnel convoyto East LA in taxis:
Using clubs, beat groupsof Mexican youth and
burn zoot suits
Thousands of servicemenjoin over next few days
Police there, butinstructed not to arrest
sailors
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Zoot Suit Riots Aftermath of riots:
150 injured 500 Mexican-Americans
arrested
ZERO servicemen
arrested Military forced to ban
servicemen from LA
LA media praises
servicemen for cleansingLA of gangs
LA makes wearing zootsuits a crime
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Suspicion Cast Upon Japenese-
Americans Japanese-Americans long discriminated against in US
Viewed as threat to American labor/jobs
Anti-miscegenation laws passed
Tight immigration restrictions
Pearl Harbormakes worse
Fear ofcollaboration with enemy
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Suspicion Cast Upon Japenese-
Americans Japanese-Americans long discriminated against in US
Viewed as threat to American labor/jobs
Anti-miscegenation laws passed
Tight immigration restrictions
Pearl Harbormakes worse
Fear ofcollaboration with enemy
Many take extreme steps to demonstrate loyalty
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Executive Order 9066
Executive Order 9066 (Feb 1942): Pacific Coast (to 100 miles inland) labeled as Military
Exclusion Zone
Military may remove any persons who pose a risk to nationalsecurity
Persons ofJapanese ancestry are primary targets
112,000 living on Pacific Coast (90% of Japanese-Americans) 80,000 are second generation (born here)
60% are US Citizens
Excluded persons rounded up and sent to camps
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I t t
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Internment Persons of Japanese ancestry gathered with little notice
Little chance to pack Little chance to organize affairs
Businesses abandoned
No fact-finding or due process Upheld as Constitutional inKorematsu v. United States SCOTUS finds that need to protect against espionage outweighs
Korematsus individual rights.
Imprisoned for up to 4 years
Surrounded by barbed wire
Armed guards
Children are placed in camps with adults
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Reparations for Internment
President Carter (1980): Creates Commission on Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians (CWRIC)
CWRIC finds internment was result of racialprejudice and evidence of Japanese-Americandisloyalty did not justify it.
Determines that payment of $20,000 and letter ofapology will be given to all survivors
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Enemy Alien Control Program
Japanese-Americans not only people affected:
11,527 German aliens (non-citizens) and German-Americans interned for duration of war
600,000 Italian-Americans given curfews, travelrestrictions and excluded from living near coasts.
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