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2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems
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ECOLOGY
The study of the
interactions between
organisms and their
environment.
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ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect
an organism.
ABIOTIC FACTOR =
non-living factors in an environment.
BIOTIC FACTORS =
living factors in an
environment.
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Buckminster Fuller on the
Environment
“Environment to each must be
All there is, that isn't me.
Universe in turn must be
All that isn't me AND ME.”
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NICHE = all of the
ways that the organism interacts with everything else in the ecosystem-the
role or job of a species in an ecosystem.
HABITAT = place where an
organism or population of
organisms live.
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Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
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ECOSYSTEM includes all the biotic & abiotic factors in an environment.
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FOOD CHAIN = used
to show how matter
& energy move
through
an ecosystem.
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FOOD WEB = shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem
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Each organism in food chain represents a
“feeding” or TROPHIC LEVEL
1st Trophic
Level
2nd Trophic
Level
3rd Trophic
Level
producers
1o or 2o consumer
2o or 3o consumer
decomposers
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Are graphical models of the quantitative
differences that exist between the trophic levels
of a single ecosystem.
• In accordance to the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for
numbers and quantities to biomass and energy
to decrease along food chains, therefore the
pyramids become narrower toward the top.
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages
found at each trophic level.
Units vary
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Grassland
(summer)
Temperate Forest
(summer)
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number of
Small primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.
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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the
standing stock at each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2
or
g m-2
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Abandoned Field Ocean
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers
(zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the
Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population
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PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents
the flow of energy through each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2 yr-1
or
g m-2 yr-1
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• As you move up each trophic level, only
10% of the energy is transferred.
• The other 90% is used for everyday life
functions, metabolism.
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producers
10 J m-2 yr-1
100 J m-2 yr-1
1,000 J m-2 yr-1
10,000 J m-2 yr-1
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Pyramid structure
affects
the functioning of
an
ecosystem.
Bioaccumulation
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