20s return to normalcy upload
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The Jazz Ageor….
The ROARING 1920s
The Jazz Ageor….
The ROARING 1920s
Life cover, July 1, 1926
Life cover, July 1, 1926Life cover, July 1, 1926
CONSUMERISMCONSUMERISM
(electric) appliancesautomobilesadvertising (image vs. utility)
buying on creditchain stores
Consumer Debt, 1920–1931
General Electric ad (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Automobile
CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Automobile
Replaced the railroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways)
Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting”
Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered
(=almost one per family)
Passenger Car Sales, 1920-1929
Filling Station, Maryland in 1921
Automobiles & Industrial Expansion
Automobiles & Industrial Expansion
Henry Ford‘fordism’
Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928(From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)
“Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913Henry Ford (1835-
1947)
1913: 14 hours to build a new car1928: New Ford off assembly line every 10 seconds
1913: car=2 yrs wages1929: 3 mos. wages
Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980
Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980
Jones, Created Equal
Automobiles &
ConsumerismAutomobiles &
Consumerism
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
< Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own."
“Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?"
(Library of Congress)
Dodge advertisement photo, 1933
July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920sJuly 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920s
MASS CULTURE: Radio
MASS CULTURE: Radio
New mass medium
1920: First commercial radio station By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios
Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927)
The Spread of Radio, to 1939
• Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60
million in 1922…
• $136 million in 1923
• $852 million in 1929
• Radio reached into every third home
in its first decade.
• Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925
MASS CULTURE: Movies
MASS CULTURE: Movies
Movie “palaces”“talkies” (1927)Will Hays
80 million tickets sold per week by 1930 (population: 100 million)
(Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library)
“Flappers” sought individual freedom Known for their
short “bobbed” hairOngoing crusade for
equal rightsMost women remain
in the “cult of domesticity” sphere
Discovery of adolescence
ROLE OF WOMEN: Women and PoliticsROLE OF WOMEN: Women and Politics
Impact of suffrageLeague of Women VotersNational Women’s Party
Alice Paul (founder)
Margaret Sanger- called for limiting number of children per family
Alice Paul
Sheppard-Towner Act
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ARTLiterature
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ARTLiterature
“lost generation”F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great GatsbySinclair Lewis-author who wrote about absurdities of small town lifeErnest Hemingway-famous authorEugene O’Neill-modern playwright
F. Scott & Zelda Fitzgerald on the Riviera,
1926 (Stock Montage)
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART African Americans
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART African Americans
Harlem Renaissance-African American culture in the form of literature,theatre and music that originated from Harlem New York Langston Hughes-key writer of HR
Langston Hughes
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART Jazz
CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART Jazz
“The Jazz Age”Louis ArmstrongDuke EllingtonThe Cotton Club
Louis Armstrong & the Fate Marabel band, 1919
Louis Armstrong
ReligionReligion
“modernists”“fundamentalism”Scopes TrialAmerican Civil Liberties UnionClarence DarrowWilliam Jennings Bryan
1925
The first conflict between religion vs. science being
taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.
Scopes TrialA.K.A. Monkey TrialScopes TrialA.K.A. Monkey Trial
FundamentalismRejected ideas that implied human moral behavior came from society and nature, not God
Rejected Darwin’s theory of evolution—humans developed from lower life forms
Believed in creationism—God created world
John T. ScopesBiology teacher in Dayton TN recruited to teach evolutionArrested for teaching evolution
Clarence Darrow—Scopes lawyerWilliam Jennings Bryan—prosecutor Scopes found guilty after 8 days
Sentenced to $100 fineConviction later overturned on technicality
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Prohibition
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Prohibition
ProhibitionThe noble experiment
“Speakeasies”Al Capone
Alphonse “Scarface” CaponeGovernment agents breaking up an illegal bar during Prohibition
Immigration, 1921-1960Immigration, 1921-1960SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
ImmigrationImmigration
Emergency Quota Act - 19213% of total number people in ethnic group per yearBased on 1910 census
National Origins Act - 19242% of each nationality living here in 18901929 limit total immigrants to 150,000/yr with nationality allotment based on 1920 census
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
National Origin Act of 1924
Number of Immigrants and Countries of Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940
Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-1990
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
Communist International3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism
Red ScarePalmer Raids (1920)
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920
Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920
• Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great
upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits".
• "Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside
Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). • Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI
and the Russian Revolution. • 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were
deported or expelled from the U.S. • No due process was followed
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
Sacco & Vanzetti
HAVE A CHAIR! from The Daily WorkerIS THIS THE EMBLEM? from The Daily Worker
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1921
Sacco and Vanzetti CaseSacco and Vanzetti Case
2 shoe-factory workers were murdered and robbed of company payrollNicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler
Italian immigrants arrested on flimsy evidence• Anarchists and immigrants
Found guilty, sentenced to death, executedanti-immigrant sentiments led Congress to change immigration laws
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest
Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith
“new” Ku Klux Klan“American-ism”
(Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT
Warren G. Harding“Return to normalcy”Herbert HooverAndrew MellonThe “Ohio Gang”
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding with Laddie, June 13, 1922
Albert B. Fall (left)
The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election
Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans
to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding…
US turned inward and feared anything that was European…
Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans
to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding…
US turned inward and feared anything that was European…
The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.
The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.
The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election
Republican PoliciesRepublican Policies
Harding’s Return to "normalcy" tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes cutspending cuts
Government-business cooperation“The business of government, is business”
Return to “isolation”
Harding’s Return to "normalcy" tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes cutspending cuts
Government-business cooperation“The business of government, is business”
Return to “isolation”
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT
Calvin Coolidge“The business of America is business”
President Calvin Coolidge Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924
The 1924 Election
The 1924 ElectionCalvin Coolidge served as
President from 1923 to 1929.“Silent Cal”.Republican president
Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.
“Silent Cal”.Republican president
• Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in
Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F.
Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny• Fall had received a bribe of $100,000
from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.
• Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.• Sinclair and Doheny were acquitted
of charges.
Harding and CoolidgeHarding and Coolidge
Republican presidents appeal to traditional American valuesHarding dies in office after 2 years.Scandals break after his death
Teapot Dome Scandal
Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.
Republican presidents appeal to traditional American valuesHarding dies in office after 2 years.Scandals break after his death
Teapot Dome Scandal
Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.
Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny
Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.
Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.
+ + = $$REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG
BUSINESS……….
Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National
Economy
Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930
raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!
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