Transcript
VTMED 6102 - Anatomy of the Ruminant
Spring - 2011
Linda A. Mizer, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Course Introduction objectives
plan
assessments
resources
Course Introduction objectives
-develop an understanding of practical ruminant anatomy using our foundation of canine anatomy
plan
assessments
resources
Course Introduction goal
general schedule
-3 dissection periods a week, by body region
-neck -thorax
-head -abdomen
-thoracic limb -pelvis
-pelvic limb
-lectures to supplement laboratory material
course materials
grade breakdown
Course Introduction goal
general schedule
assessments
-midterm 30%
-final 50%
-project 20%
course materials
Course Introduction course materials
-handouts (laboratory/lecture notes combined)
-dissection cadavers (cow, calf, goat, sheep, alpaca)
-skeletons (cow, small ruminant)
-museum materials (on dry table in lab)
-wet specimens (current region on wet table, remainder lab storage)
-handout with all specimens/dissected structures listed
-bone cupboards (in hallway, one group per cubby)
Ruminant
A ruminant is an animal that digests its food many times. This food is usually tough plant material like grasses. Ruminants include cows, sheep, antelopes, and camels.
An animal that chews its cud; having even toed hooves and a four-chambered stomach, such as a cow, buffalo, goat, deer or llama.
Animals having four stomach compartments - rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasums - through which food passes in digestion. These animals chew their cud or regurgitate partially digested food for further breakdown in the mouth. Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, goats, deer and camels.
Ruminant
An herbivore which uses gastric, as opposed to intestinal, fermentation to digest cellulose. See Artiodactyla for figure and further explanation.
A ruminant is any hooved animal that digests its food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud, then eating the cud. Ruminants include cows, goats, sheep, camels, llamas, giraffes, bison, buffalos, deer, wildebeest, and antelope. The suborder Ruminantia includes all those except the camels and llamas, which are Tylopoda. Ruminants also share another anatomical feature in that they all have an even number of toes.
Artiodactyla
The even-toed ungulates form the mammalian Order Artiodactyla. They are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls.
Noun 1.Artiodactyla - an order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes.
Ruminant Phylogeny
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Ruminantia
Family Bovidae Genus Bos Speciestaurus
Capridae Genus Caprin Species aegagrus
Ovidae Genus Ovis Species aries
Ruminant PhylogenyKingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Tylopodia
Family Camelidae
Genus Lama Species glama (llama)
guanicoe (guanaco)
Vicugna Species pacos (alpaca)
vicugna (vicuña)
F. Bovidae F. Ovidae vs.Capridae
F. Camelidae
Representative “Ruminants”
vicuñaalpacaguanacollama
F. Bovidae - meat breedsAngus cow and calf Hereford cow
Murray Grey bull Charlais cow and calf
F. Bovidae - meat breedsBelgian Blue bull Beefmaster bull
Blonde cow Longhorn cow and calf
F. Bovidae - dairy breedsHolstein Jersey
Guernsey Ayrshire
F. Bovidae - dairy breedsBrown Swiss Shorthorn
F. Bovidae - draft animals
F. Ovidae - meat breedsBarbados Dorper
Katahdin Texel
F. Ovidae - wool breedsHampshire Icelandic
Corriedale Swedish
F. Ovidae - wool breeds
F. Ovidae - hair breedsBarbados Wiltshire
St. Croix Katahdin
F. Ovidae - milk breeds
F. Capridae - meat breedsBoer Kiko
Tennessee Tennessee X Boer
F. Capridae - dairy breeds
Nubian Saanan
Toggenburg LaMancha
F. Camelidae
Fiber
External Features
Fig. 2.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999
External Features
Fig. 4.1 and 4.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O.
McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
External Features
Fig. 5.2, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials,
by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
External Features
Position of Cervical Vertebrae
Fig. 5.4 modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,
R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999. Fig. 2-4, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer
& T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Palpable Structures
Fig. 5.4 modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,
R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999. Fig. 2-4, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer
& T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Initial Dissection
Cutaneous fascia & muscles
Fig. 2.5, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Cutaneous trunci m.
Deeper mm.
Fig. 2.6, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L.
Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Deeper mm.
Fig. 2.6, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L.
Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Deeper mm.
1. omotransversarius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.
2a. cleidobrachialis m.2b. cleidomastoideus m.2c. cleidooccipitalis m.
3. sternocephalicus m.-sternomandibularis m.-sternomastoideus m.
Jugular Groove
boundaries of jugular groove1. cleidomastoideus m.2. sternomandibularis m.3. sternomastoideus m.
Jugular Groove
boundaries of jugular groove1. cleidomastoideus m.2. sternomandibularis m.3. sternomastoideus m.
Trapezius muscle - Accessory nerve
Key - Trapezius m.a. cervicalis m.b. thoracis m.
Accessory Nerve
Key 1. omotransversarius m. (reflected)2. brachiocephalicus m.3. sternocephalicus m.4. rhomboideus cervicis m. 5. serratus ventralis cervicis m.6. superficial cervical lymphocenter7. accessory nerve (XI)
Superficial Cervical Lymph Node
Key 1. omotransversarius m. (reflected)2. brachiocephalicus m.3. sternocephalicus m.4. rhomboideus cervicis m. 5. serratus ventralis cervicis m.6. superficial cervical lymphocenter7. accessory nerve (XI)
Hemal Lymph Nodes
Nuchal Ligament Exposure
Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.
Nuchal Ligament Exposure
Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.5. funicular portion of lig. nuchae
Nuchal Ligament Exposure
Key 1. rhomboideus cervicis m.2. omotransversarius m.3. serratus ventralis cervicis m.4. splenius m.5. funicular portion of lig. nuchae6. semispinalis capitis m.
Nuchal Ligament - Comparative
dog ox
Figs.299 & 300. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Vol 1, The Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals, by R. Nickel, A. Schummer, E.
Seiferle, H. Wilkens, K.-H. Wille, J. Frewein, Springer Verlag, 1985
Nuchal Ligament - Dorsal View
Key 1. spinous processes, thoracic2. semispinalis capitis m.3. funicular portion of lig. nuchae
Nuchal Ligament - Laminar Component
Key 1. spinous process, thoracic2. semispinalis capitis m.3. funicular portion of lig. nuchae4. laminar portion of lig. nuchae
Ventral Neck
Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk
Ventral - Lateral Neck
Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk
Thyroid Gland
Key 1. sternothyrohyoideus m.2. sternohyoideus m.3. sternothyroideus m.4. carotid sheath5. trachea6. thyroid gland7. common carotid a.8. vagosympathetic trunk
Thymus - Calf
Fig.2.20modified, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O. McCracken,
R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Ventral-Lateral Neck
Key 1. serratus ventralis m.2. longissimus cervicis m.3. longissimus atlantis m.4. longissimus capitis m.5. semispinalis capitis m.
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Fig. 5.12, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials, by T.O.
McCracken, R.A. Kainer & T.L. Spurgeon, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia,
1999.
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Specimen Storage
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.4. ligamentum nuchae5. epaxial mm.
Alpaca Neck Highlights
Key1. trapezius m.2. brachiocephalicus m.3. rhomboideus m.4. ligamentum nuchae5. epaxial mm.
External Features
Fig. 2.1, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999
Body Regions
Fig. 2.3, Spurgeon’s Color Atlas of Large Animal Anatomy: the Essentials , 1999
F. Camelidae
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