Transcript
STRESSING10th Meeting
ENGLISH PHONOLOGY
SITI AFNI AFIYANI, M.HUM
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STRESS
In linguistics,
stress is the relative emphasis that may be
given to certain syllables in a word. The
term is also used for similar patterns of
phonetic prominence inside syllables.
In speech, stress may be defined as the degree of intensity or loudness placed on a sound; that is, the amount of force one puts on a syllable or word to give it importance
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Syllables
To understand the stress, understanding syllables is needed . Every word is made from syllables.Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.
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Word Number of syllables
Dog Dog 1
Quiet Qui-et 2
Expensive Ex-pen-sive 3
Interesting In-ter-est-ing 4
Unexceptional Un-ex-cep-tion-al 5
The nature of stress
All stressed syllables are more prominent than unstressed syllables.
intensity or prominence given to one syllable rather than another.
Prominence is relative to the surrounding syllables, not absolute. (A stressed syllable that is nearly whispered will be quieter than an unstressed syllable that is shouted.)
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It would have been logically possible for
every syllable to have exactly the same
loudness, pitch, and so on.
human languages have ways to make some
syllables more prominent than others.
A syllable might be more prominent by differing
from the surrounding syllables in terms of:
loudness
pitch
length
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They’re1. Stressed syllables are louder than unstressed
syllables; (loudness)2. The pitch of the syllable: pitch in speech is
realted to the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords and to the musical notion of low and high pitched notes;
3. The length of syllables; If one syllable is longer than the others there is quite a strong tendency to hear it as stressed;
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How to pronounce word stress?
When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced
longer in duration higher in pitchlouder in volume
e.g. teacher
How do you say teacher?
Longer teeeeeeeeeeee cher
Highertea
cher
Louder TEA cher
All three combined
TEEEEEEEEEEE
cher
Stressed Syllablebanana
ba NAAAA na Syllable 1 Syllable 2 Syllable 3 (short) (long) (short)
Unstressed SyllablesUnstressed Syllables
Stressed syllables are strong syllables. Unstressed syllables are weak syllables.
Strong and weak syllablesStrong and weak syllables
The vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter, of lower intensity and different in quality.
• ‘father’: the second syllable is shorter than the first, is less loud and has a vowel that cannot occur in strong syllables.
• ‘bottle’: the weak second syllable contains no vowel at all, but consists entirely of the consonant /l/. We call this a syllabic consonant.
STRESSING ARE
1. Word stress: import/import2. Sentence stress: I love you.
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1. WORD STRESS
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Type of stressTwo types of stress can be found in English: Primary stress refers to the strong emphasis a
speaker puts on the most important syllable of a particular word.
Secondary stress refers to a less strong emphasis on the next most important syllable.
Primary stress ----heavily stressed. Marked with a vertical stroke on the upper left hand corner of a syllable carrying the stress.
Secondary stress ----stressed but subordinate to the primary stress. Marked with a vertical stroke on the lower left hand corner of a syllable concerned, as in |contri|bution.Double stress /even stress----Certain English words have double stress or even stress. Double stress can be marked by a high vertical stroke before each of the stressed syllables, as in |fif|teen, |Ber|lin.
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Word Stress
A word stress means a prominent syllable
word pattern
tea.cher • .
beau.ti.ful • . .
un.der.stand . . •
con.ti.nue . • .
We should ask first: is the word simple, complex or a compound?
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Word Stress - GuidelinesSimple
Complex
Compound:
Word Stress - GuidelinesSimple : one morpheme: enter, deny, return,
cotton, potato
Complex
Compound
Word Stress - GuidelinesSimple : one morpheme: enter, deny, return,
cotton, potato
Complex : it contains one or more bound morphemes= affixes (prefixes or suffixes): singer, goodness, unlock, capable, conversation or is a compound word
Compound
Word Stress - GuidelinesSimple : one morpheme: enter, deny, return,
cotton, potato
Complex: it contains one or more bound morphemes= affixes (prefixes or suffixes): singer, goodness, unlock, capable, conversation or is a compound word
Compound: more than one unbound morpheme: greenhouse, handbag, overcast, whitewash
In order to decide on stress placement it is necessary to make use of some or all of the following information:
1.Whether the word is morphological simple or complex;
2.The grammatical category to which the word belong to (N, V, A, etc);
3.The number of syllables in the word;4.The phonological structure of those syllables.
1. SIMPLE WORDS
We have to consider the following:
the phonological structure of the syllable
the number of syllables
the grammatical category
2. Complex Words: suffixes
Suffixes:
1. Do not affect the stress pattern
2. Affect the stress pattern
3. Take the stress themselves
2. Complex Words: suffixes
Suffixes:
1. Do not affect the stress pattern
2. Affect the stress pattern.
attract the stress to the syllable before the suffix
photo -graphy, perfect –ion, tranquil –ity
-eous, -ious, -ial, -ic, -ive
2. Complex Words: suffixes
Suffixes:
1. Do not affect the stress pattern
2. Affect the stress pattern
3. Take the stress themselvesrefugee, mountaineer, Portuguese, cigarette, picturesque
3. COMPLEX WORDS:COMPOUNDS
General rules:1. If the first part of the compound is (in a
broad sense) adjectival the stress goes on the second element with a secondary stress on the first:If the first element is a noun (in a broad sense), the stress goes on the first element:
Word Stress Rule
Word typeWhere is the
stress?Examples
Two syllables
Nounson the first
syllable
center object flower
Verbson the last
syllable
release admit
arrange
Compound
Nouns (N + N)
(Adj. + N)on the first part
desktop pencil case bookshelf
greenhouse
Adjectives (Adj. + P.P.)
on the last part (the verb part)
well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned
Verbs (prep. + verb)
understand overlook
outperform
Word type Where is the stress? Examples
Phrasal Verbs on the particleturn off
buckle up hand out
Word with added ending
-icthe syllable before the
ending
economic Geometricelectrical
-tion, -cian, -sionTechniciangraduation
cohesion
-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, -al
the third from the last syllable
Photographybiology
geometry
-meterParameter
Thermometerbarometer
2.Sentence Stress
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Sentence Stress
Sentence stress refers to the word or words in a sentence that receive a strong accent.
Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". Word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is the strong accent on certain words within a sentence.
Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.
Examples of sentence stress
e.g. I am happy because I am with you.
I am happy / because I am with you.I am `happy because I am with you.I am happy because I am with `you.
Most sentences have two types of word:
content words structure words
Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense. Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically.
If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence.
Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. •They give information about who, what, when, where, why, and how. •They express the main idea or content of the phrase or sentence. •They carry the message and therefore usually stressed.
Unstressed words are usually function words like articles, pronouns, possessives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions. •These words connect the information words to form grammatical sentences.
Imagine that you receive the telegram message:
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SELL CAR GONE FRANCE
Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE
SELL my CAR I’ve GONE to FRANCE
2 1 3 1
Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE
Rules for Sentence Stress in English
The basic rules of sentence stress are:
1. content words are stressed 2. structure words are unstressed 3. the time between stressed words is always
the same
Classification of sentence stress
1. Sense Stress
2. Logical stress
3. Emotional Stress
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1) Sense stress
Sense stress is very common phenomenon in connected speech . The distribution of such stresses is subject to the meaning that the speaker wishes to convey. In normal speech we put stress on words semantically important. Such words are called content words; the unimportant ones are called form words, they are unstressed.
2) Logical stress
The distribution of logical stress is subject to the speaker’s will. The speaker puts stress on any word he wishes to emphasize. So a word logically stressed may stand at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence and it usually implies some idea of contrast. E.g.`We heard Mary singing upstairs. ( Not they heard .)Sometimes the idea of contrast is clearly pointed out . E.g.I bought it for `you , not for `him .They can’t do it, but `we can .
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3) Emotional Stress Emotional stress is a special kind of stress. In spoken English when the speaker wants to show strong emotion , he can put strong stress on the word he wishes to emphasize. But such kind of stress doesn’t imply any idea of contrast . The high –falling tone should be used in speaking or reading aloud such stressed word.
E.g.It’s `` wonderful ! We suc``ceeded.
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Content words - stressed
Words carrying the meaning Examplemain verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY
nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY
adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING
adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T
Structure words - unstressed
Words for correct grammar Examplepronouns he, we, theyprepositions on, at, intoarticles a, an, theconjunctions and, but, becauseauxiliary verbs do, be, have, can, must
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