1 Presence in Virtual Reality Kyle Johnsen. 2 Presence The sense of “being there” The sense of “being there” “Mental Immersion” “Mental Immersion” Is.
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Presence in Virtual Presence in Virtual RealityReality
Kyle JohnsenKyle Johnsen
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PresencePresence The sense of “being there”The sense of “being there”
““Mental Immersion”Mental Immersion”
Is it possible to truly believe you Is it possible to truly believe you are in a virtual space?are in a virtual space?
Recent advancement in Recent advancement in theoretical model (Slater 2009)theoretical model (Slater 2009)– Place Illusion and Plausibility IllusionPlace Illusion and Plausibility Illusion
Place Illusion (PI)Place Illusion (PI) User perceives body as User perceives body as
located in the virtual located in the virtual environmentenvironment
Bounded by immersionBounded by immersion
Your actions affect what Your actions affect what you observe as you would you observe as you would expectexpect
Your ability to function Your ability to function naturally in the virtual naturally in the virtual worldworld
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Plausibility Illusion (PSI)Plausibility Illusion (PSI) Scenario depicted is actually occurring (i.e. it is not a bunch of Scenario depicted is actually occurring (i.e. it is not a bunch of
pixels)pixels)
Ascribing real traits to virtual thingsAscribing real traits to virtual things
The virtual world affects you as would be expectedThe virtual world affects you as would be expected
Do you “accept” the programming?Do you “accept” the programming?
The Media Equation (Media = Real) [Reeves and Nass 1996]The Media Equation (Media = Real) [Reeves and Nass 1996]
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Where is presence (PI and Where is presence (PI and PSI) important?PSI) important?
TherapyTherapy
Pain controlPain control
RehabilitationRehabilitation
EntertainmeEntertainmentnt
TrainingTraining
EducationEducation
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How to measure Presence?How to measure Presence?
Let’s first take a look at some of the Let’s first take a look at some of the cybertherapy applications of VRcybertherapy applications of VR– http://www.vrphobia.com/– How would they measureHow would they measure
How ‘successful’ their systems are?How ‘successful’ their systems are? The level of immersionThe level of immersion The participant sense of presenceThe participant sense of presence
Subjective measuresSubjective measures Objective measuresObjective measures All measures are indirect! For now…All measures are indirect! For now…
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Subjective measuresSubjective measures
I had a sense of being “really there” inside the virtual environment?Strongly Disagree Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
My interaction with the virtual objects felt “real”Strongly Disagree Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Common Presence Common Presence QuestionnairesQuestionnaires
Largely measure Place IllusionLargely measure Place Illusion Witmer and SingerWitmer and Singer
– 30+ questions30+ questions Steed Usoh Slater (SUS)Steed Usoh Slater (SUS)
– 7 questions Likert scaled7 questions Likert scaled Neither are all that good, SUS slightly Neither are all that good, SUS slightly
more consistentmore consistent Compare apples to applesCompare apples to apples
– Example: Study comparing reality to Example: Study comparing reality to similar virtual reality – no difference in similar virtual reality – no difference in presencepresence
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Objective measuresObjective measures
Physiological measuresPhysiological measures– SubconsciousSubconscious
Performance measuresPerformance measures– Task completion timeTask completion time– Behavioral ObservationBehavioral Observation
Subconscious and ConsciousSubconscious and Conscious
Physiological measuresPhysiological measures Humans experience changes Humans experience changes
in physiological parameters in in physiological parameters in response to novel or unusual response to novel or unusual stimuli in the “real” worldstimuli in the “real” world Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous,
SensorySensory
Given sufficiently realistic Given sufficiently realistic stimuli in a virtual stimuli in a virtual environment, the human environment, the human should experience similar should experience similar physiological changes.physiological changes.
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Performance measuresPerformance measures
Task performanceTask performance– Finishing a puzzle fasterFinishing a puzzle faster– Solving a math problem correctlySolving a math problem correctly
Suspension of beliefSuspension of belief– Instinctual responsesInstinctual responses
Ducking at boxer’s punchDucking at boxer’s punch Sense of vertigoSense of vertigo
– Socially conditioned reactionsSocially conditioned reactions VH sneezingVH sneezing Anthropomorphism of VHsAnthropomorphism of VHs
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Pit ExperimentPit Experiment Designed to test Designed to test
sense of sense of presencepresence
Staging room Staging room and pit roomand pit room
Able to achieve Able to achieve high PI and PSI high PI and PSI with most peoplewith most people
Most people walk Most people walk around the edgearound the edge
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What increases Presence?What increases Presence? RenderingRendering
– Poly countPoly count– ShadowsShadows– LightingLighting
Low latencyLow latency Head trackingHead tracking Field of viewField of view Multiple sensesMultiple senses
– AudioAudio– Haptics (passive if Haptics (passive if
nothing else)nothing else) InteractivityInteractivity
– TravelTravel AvatarAvatar
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What decreases presence?What decreases presence? High latencyHigh latency Poor interactivityPoor interactivity Disjoint SensesDisjoint Senses
– what you expectwhat you expect– what you what you
experienceexperience No AvatarNo Avatar Disembodied Disembodied
voicevoice CablesCables Audio (people, Audio (people,
lab, etc.)lab, etc.) Called ‘breaks in Called ‘breaks in
presence’ (BIPs)presence’ (BIPs)
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Cued GestaltCued Gestalt• We enter the virtual
environment carrying the baggage of our beliefs, experiences, fears and expectations.
• What we bring to the VE is as important as what we find there.
• UVA (Pausch) Star Wars example• Poor VR, no back story• Poor VR, w/ back story
much better
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Open QuestionsOpen Questions Are there applications Are there applications
for which a sense of for which a sense of presence actually presence actually improves operator improves operator performance?performance?– Yes, social facilitation Yes, social facilitation
[Ulinsky 2010][Ulinsky 2010]
Can you have presence Can you have presence in Desktop VR?in Desktop VR?
What about MR and What about MR and AR?AR?
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What seems to be true?What seems to be true? A person's experience of a A person's experience of a
situation in a virtual situation in a virtual environment may evoke the environment may evoke the same reactions and emotions as same reactions and emotions as the experience of a similar real-the experience of a similar real-world situation. world situation.
DespiteDespite– Virtual reality is consequence-poor Virtual reality is consequence-poor
relative to realityrelative to reality– virtual environment does not virtual environment does not
accurately or completely represent accurately or completely represent the real-world situationthe real-world situation
This is a reflection of high (PSI + This is a reflection of high (PSI + PI)PI)
Increase through “cued gestalt”, Increase through “cued gestalt”, better tech, more realistic better tech, more realistic behavior of VEs.behavior of VEs.
What seems to be true? What seems to be true? (cont.)(cont.)
A person's perceptions of real-world A person's perceptions of real-world situations and behavior in the real-situations and behavior in the real-world may be modified based on his world may be modified based on his experiences within a virtual world.experiences within a virtual world.
Not only can we cause reactions, but Not only can we cause reactions, but we can change them in the future. we can change them in the future.
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