1 Measuring temperatures Actually measuring sensible heat transfer Actually measuring sensible heat transfer Can be measured as Kelvins, degrees Celsius,

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Measuring temperaturesMeasuring temperatures

Actually measuring sensible heat Actually measuring sensible heat transfertransfer

Can be measured as Kelvins, Can be measured as Kelvins, degrees Celsius, or degrees degrees Celsius, or degrees FahrenheitFahrenheit

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FahrenheitFahrenheit

Developed in the early 1800’s by Developed in the early 1800’s by Daniel G. FahrenheitDaniel G. Fahrenheit Coldest temperature measured was set Coldest temperature measured was set

to O°Fto O°F Approximate temperature of the human Approximate temperature of the human

body was 100°Fbody was 100°F Melting point of ice became 32°FMelting point of ice became 32°F Boiling point of water became 212°fBoiling point of water became 212°f

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CelsiusCelsius

Also developed in the early 1700’s Also developed in the early 1700’s this time by Anders Celsiusthis time by Anders Celsius

Placed the freezing point of water at Placed the freezing point of water at 0°0°CC

Placed the boiling point of water at Placed the boiling point of water at 100°100°CC

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FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS AND VICE VERSAAND VICE VERSA

CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEITCELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT TAKE °C THEN MULTIPLY BY 1.8 AND TAKE °C THEN MULTIPLY BY 1.8 AND

ADD 32ADD 32

FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS TAKE °F SUBTRACT 32 THEN DIVIDE TAKE °F SUBTRACT 32 THEN DIVIDE

BY 1.8BY 1.8

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Temperature controlsTemperature controls

LatitudeLatitude AltitudeAltitude Cloud coverCloud cover Land water heating differencesLand water heating differences

(Continentality)(Continentality) Localized Microscale – EnvironmentLocalized Microscale – Environment Prevailing WindsPrevailing Winds

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AltitudeAltitude Because of the temperature decrease with Because of the temperature decrease with

the normal lapse rate, temperatures will the normal lapse rate, temperatures will drop as you go up in elevationdrop as you go up in elevation

Mountainous areas are therefore typically Mountainous areas are therefore typically cooler than low-lying areascooler than low-lying areas

Temperature Temperature rangesranges are usually higher are usually higher for mountainous zonesfor mountainous zones

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Cloud coverCloud cover Moderate temperaturesModerate temperatures

Reduce the amount of insolation reaching Reduce the amount of insolation reaching the Earth’s surfacethe Earth’s surface Lowers daytime temperaturesLowers daytime temperatures KEEPS NIGHT TEMPERATURES MODERATEKEEPS NIGHT TEMPERATURES MODERATE

Prevents longwave radiation from being Prevents longwave radiation from being lost to spacelost to space

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Land-water heating Land-water heating differencesdifferences

Land heats and cools faster than Land heats and cools faster than waterwater

The main reasons relate toThe main reasons relate to EvaporationEvaporation TransparencyTransparency Specific heatSpecific heat MovementMovement

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ContinentalityContinentality

Index of ContinentalityIndex of Continentality

A = difference °C in warmest and coldest months , Ф = location’s latitude

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Latent Heat flux

Sensible Heat flux

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ExtremesExtremes

Extremes