1 Major events towards Independence Navigation Acts Acts which attempted to regulate colonial trade and stated all goods must be shipped in English ships,

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Major events towards IndependenceMajor events towards Independence

Navigation Navigation ActsActs

Acts which attempted to regulate colonial Acts which attempted to regulate colonial trade and stated all goods must be trade and stated all goods must be shipped in English ships, thus reducing shipped in English ships, thus reducing colonial trade with other nations.colonial trade with other nations.

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French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

Also known as the Also known as the SevenSeven Years' War Years' War in Europe over which nation will in Europe over which nation will dominate world affairs, Britain or dominate world affairs, Britain or France. Britain fighting against the France. Britain fighting against the French and Indians. British win but French and Indians. British win but are heavily in debt. Treaty of Paris are heavily in debt. Treaty of Paris 1763 ends war. France gives up all 1763 ends war. France gives up all land east of the Mississippi except land east of the Mississippi except New Orleans. Spain gives up east New Orleans. Spain gives up east and west Florida for the return of and west Florida for the return of CubaCuba..

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17631763

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Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of King George III – prohibits Proclamation of King George III – prohibits English settlement west of the English settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angers settlers.Appalachian Mountains. Angers settlers.

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Sugar ActSugar Act

Tax or duties on colonies to offset war Tax or duties on colonies to offset war debt. Increases duties on imported debt. Increases duties on imported sugarsugar and other items such as textiles, coffee and other items such as textiles, coffee and wine. Doubles duties on items and wine. Doubles duties on items reshipped from England.reshipped from England.

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Currency ActCurrency Act

Forbids colonists from issuing any legal Forbids colonists from issuing any legal tender paper tender paper money. money. Act threatened to Act threatened to destabilize colonial economy.destabilize colonial economy.

British acts to regulate colonial trade, all British acts to regulate colonial trade, all shipping must pass through English shipsshipping must pass through English ships..

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Stamp ActStamp Act

First First directdirect tax on all printed materials, tax on all printed materials, including newspapers, pamphlets, all legal including newspapers, pamphlets, all legal documents. Colonists quickly unite to documents. Colonists quickly unite to oppose this act.oppose this act.

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James OtisJames Otis

Colonists who raised issue of “ taxation Colonists who raised issue of “ taxation without representation” without representation”

Published “The Rights of the British Published “The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved”Colonists Asserted and Proved”

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Stamp Act RepealedStamp Act Repealed

Colonists refuse to use stamps, Stamp Act Colonists refuse to use stamps, Stamp Act Congress convenes, (representatives Congress convenes, (representatives from 9 colonies meet to ask for the repeal from 9 colonies meet to ask for the repeal of the Stamp Act) Parliament of the Stamp Act) Parliament repeals repeals Stamp Act, but passes the Declaratory Act Stamp Act, but passes the Declaratory Act the same day.the same day.

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Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

Declares Parliament has total powers to Declares Parliament has total powers to legislate legislate anyany laws regarding colonies laws regarding colonies whatsoever.whatsoever.

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Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

Acts imposing a series of taxes on paper, Acts imposing a series of taxes on paper, tea, tea, glassglass, lead, paints. Colonists boycott , lead, paints. Colonists boycott English luxury items. Britain sends troops English luxury items. Britain sends troops to Boston.to Boston.

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Townshend Acts RepealedTownshend Acts Repealed

Townshend acts repealed except tax on Townshend acts repealed except tax on tea. tea.

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Boston MassacreBoston Massacre 1770 1770

British Soldiers fire British Soldiers fire into an angry mob in into an angry mob in Boston, killing Boston, killing 5 5 citizens and wounding citizens and wounding 6 others.6 others.

Including Crispus Including Crispus Attucks an African Attucks an African American- regarded American- regarded as the first casualty of as the first casualty of the Revolutionthe Revolution

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Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence

Led by Led by Sam Sam Adams, a 21 member Adams, a 21 member committee is established to communicate committee is established to communicate with other colonies regarding incidents in with other colonies regarding incidents in the colonies.the colonies.

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Boston Tea Party -1773Boston Tea Party -1773

Colonial activists called the Colonial activists called the SonsSons of Liberty of Liberty ( disguised as Indians) dump 342 ( disguised as Indians) dump 342 containers of tea into Boston Harbor in containers of tea into Boston Harbor in opposition to the tax on tea, and also to opposition to the tax on tea, and also to the fact that the ships were not allowed to the fact that the ships were not allowed to leave until the tax was paid.leave until the tax was paid.

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1919

Port of Boston closed until tax on tea is paidPort of Boston closed until tax on tea is paid

Closed local Massachusetts assemblyClosed local Massachusetts assembly

Royal officials must be tried in EnglandRoyal officials must be tried in England

Established the Quebec ActEstablished the Quebec Act

Intolerable or Intolerable or CoerciveCoercive Acts Acts

British respond by :British respond by :

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Quebec ActQuebec Act

Centralized control of Quebec territory Centralized control of Quebec territory (with former French officials) and extends (with former French officials) and extends Canadian territory south to lands claimed Canadian territory south to lands claimed by Virginia, Massachusetts and by Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut.Connecticut.

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1774- First Continental Congress1774- First Continental CongressColonists respond:Colonists respond:

56 representatives from all colonies except 56 representatives from all colonies except Georgia meet in Philadelphia to discuss Georgia meet in Philadelphia to discuss issues and declare opposition to Coercive issues and declare opposition to Coercive Acts, to promote the formation of local Acts, to promote the formation of local militias, to boycott English imports and militias, to boycott English imports and agreed to meet the following year.agreed to meet the following year.

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Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

April April 1919, 1775- armed militiamen stand face to , 1775- armed militiamen stand face to face against British troops at Lexington Green. face against British troops at Lexington Green. An unordered ‘shot heard around the world’ An unordered ‘shot heard around the world’ begins the American Revolution. The British begins the American Revolution. The British volley kills 8 Americans and wounds ten others. volley kills 8 Americans and wounds ten others. The British troops continue on to Concord where The British troops continue on to Concord where they are met by militiamen at the North Bridge. they are met by militiamen at the North Bridge. Fighting continues as the British troops retreat Fighting continues as the British troops retreat back to Boston with over 250 casualties. News back to Boston with over 250 casualties. News of Lexington and Concord spread throughout the of Lexington and Concord spread throughout the colonies. Militiamen place Boston under siege.colonies. Militiamen place Boston under siege.

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LexingtonLexington

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ConcordConcord

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Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress

Meets in May in Meets in May in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, 1775. The , 1775. The Congress places the colonies in a state of Congress places the colonies in a state of defense, appoints George Washington as defense, appoints George Washington as commander and chief of the new commander and chief of the new Continental Army.Continental Army.

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Common SenseCommon Sense

A 50 page pamphlet A 50 page pamphlet written by written by ThomasThomas Paine Paine which is critical of King which is critical of King George III and provides George III and provides strong arguments forstrong arguments for American independence.American independence.

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Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presents a Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presents a formal resolution to the Continental formal resolution to the Continental Congress to declare independence from Congress to declare independence from Britain. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia is Britain. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia is selected to write the first draft. On July 4, selected to write the first draft. On July 4, 1776 Congress formally endorsed the 1776 Congress formally endorsed the Declaration of Independence.Declaration of Independence.

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Toward IndependenceToward Independence

How did the ideas of John How did the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Paine Locke and Thomas Paine

help shape the Declaration help shape the Declaration of Independence?of Independence?

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The period in Europe during the 17The period in Europe during the 17thth and 18and 18thth centuries was known as the centuries was known as the Enlightenment. Enlightenment.

It was during this time that new ideas It was during this time that new ideas about the rights of people and about the rights of people and governments developed. governments developed.

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John Locke, was an English John Locke, was an English philosopher whose ideas about philosopher whose ideas about governments influenced the American governments influenced the American belief in self-government more than belief in self-government more than any other philosopher.any other philosopher.

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Locke wrote: All people are free, equal Locke wrote: All people are free, equal and have “natural rights” of life, liberty and and have “natural rights” of life, liberty and property. All power actually resides in the property. All power actually resides in the people. people. They consent to enter into a social They consent to enter into a social contract among themselves to form a contract among themselves to form a government to protect their rights. In government to protect their rights. In return, people agree to obey the laws and return, people agree to obey the laws and rules in order to have “ordered liberty”.rules in order to have “ordered liberty”.

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Locke also stated that the powers of the Locke also stated that the powers of the government are limited to those the people government are limited to those the people consented to give it.consented to give it.If the government ever threatened If the government ever threatened people's natural rights, the people had the people's natural rights, the people had the right to overthrow it or right to overthrow it or alteralter it. it.These ideas were radical ideas as they These ideas were radical ideas as they challenged the world ruled by kings, challenged the world ruled by kings, emperors and chieftains.emperors and chieftains.

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Thomas Paine was an English immigrant to Thomas Paine was an English immigrant to America who wrote a pamphlet called America who wrote a pamphlet called Common Common Sense. Sense.

Paine stressed that America should not be ruled Paine stressed that America should not be ruled by the King of Englandby the King of England

Paine also believed it was in the best interest of Paine also believed it was in the best interest of the American colonies to separate from England the American colonies to separate from England

His views contributed to the growing spirit for His views contributed to the growing spirit for independence from England.independence from England.

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The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

The draft of the declaration, written by The draft of the declaration, written by ThomasThomas Jefferson of Virginia at the 2 Jefferson of Virginia at the 2ndnd Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Continental Congress in Philadelphia, reflected the ideas of the Enlightenment, reflected the ideas of the Enlightenment, including Locke and Paine. It was a including Locke and Paine. It was a formal declaration of independence from formal declaration of independence from England.England.

(more information included after last slide)(more information included after last slide)

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Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

The form of national government adopted The form of national government adopted in 1776-77 which allowed for a central in 1776-77 which allowed for a central Congress with very limited powers. Congress with very limited powers. Remained the form of government Remained the form of government throughout the war and until 1787.throughout the war and until 1787.

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The Declaration of The Declaration of Independence had three Independence had three parts:parts:

1. Preamble1. Preamble

2. Grievances against the 2. Grievances against the KingKing

3. Formal Declaration of 3. Formal Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

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PreamblePreamble

““We hold these truths to be self evident, We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are unalienable rights, that among these are life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness.”life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness.”

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““That to secure these rights, governments That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their are instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the just power from the consent of the governed…”governed…”

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That whenever any form of government That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government…”and to institute a new government…”

Jefferson then listed many grievances Jefferson then listed many grievances against the King.against the King.

And stated a formal declarationAnd stated a formal declaration

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