Transcript
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STEEL-CORD
TIRES
CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC
GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC
METALS MATRIX
COMPOSITES
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METALS
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Materials Process Design and Control LaboratoryCCOOR R N NEELLLL U N I V E R S I T Y
REPRESENTATION AT VARIOUS LENGTH SCALES
Length ScalesElectronic
Atomistic
P h y s i c s
C h e m i s t r y M a t e r i a l s
E n g i n e e r i n
g
Micro-
structural
Continuum
Average Properties:
Large-scale
statistical quantities
Lattice
Positions,
Interfacial
energies etc.Particle
position/
momentum,
potential
nm m mm m
Lower order
Descriptors (Grainsizes,ODF,OCF etc.)
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.worldcupblog.org/files/2008/01/acn-official-ball.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.worldcupblog.org/african-cup-of-nations/its-all-about-the-bamboozling-ball.html&usg=__x042byJUCbTNWBWvmiyGi9YEVCs=&h=306&w=325&sz=83&hl=en&start=55&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FXiz6Wx3r01kqM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D40%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/3286/4371gymnastic_ball.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/phrase/3286/gymnastic-ball.html&usg=__WrDo7fBO2vnXZDeWmWG5MYqGxDA=&h=600&w=600&sz=72&hl=en&start=245&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=ekZFlzNyl-2aTM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D240%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.belltowner.com/images/ball.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.belltowner.com/2008/03/&usg=__Ly92GVx6RctvOFC56old0W9LATc=&h=554&w=540&sz=122&hl=en&start=222&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3Ln1DydtRphJQM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D220%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.worldcupblog.org/files/2008/01/acn-official-ball.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.worldcupblog.org/african-cup-of-nations/its-all-about-the-bamboozling-ball.html&usg=__x042byJUCbTNWBWvmiyGi9YEVCs=&h=306&w=325&sz=83&hl=en&start=55&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FXiz6Wx3r01kqM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D40%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/3286/4371gymnastic_ball.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/phrase/3286/gymnastic-ball.html&usg=__WrDo7fBO2vnXZDeWmWG5MYqGxDA=&h=600&w=600&sz=72&hl=en&start=245&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=ekZFlzNyl-2aTM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=135&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D240%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.belltowner.com/images/ball.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.belltowner.com/2008/03/&usg=__Ly92GVx6RctvOFC56old0W9LATc=&h=554&w=540&sz=122&hl=en&start=222&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3Ln1DydtRphJQM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q%3DBALL%26start%3D220%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
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• The name metallography was initially used in the early 1700’s to signify the
description of metals and their properties.
• It was first used in its modern sense in 1892, that is, to define the study of the
internal structure of metals and alloys in relation to their physical, chemical
and mechanical properties.
• Thus it can be seen that its procedures permeate all aspects of the
understanding and development of metals and their alloys.
Moreover, these techniques are widely used, or at least readily adapted to the
study of engineering materials, although full use of this commonality has only
been achieved comparatively recently with the replacement of courses in
metallurgy by courses in materials science and engineering.
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METALLOGRAPHY1. QUALITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY
2. QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY
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1. QUALITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY
What is to be obtained ?• Present Phases
• Grain Orientation
• Type of Faults Cracks, Porosities,
Non-Metallic Inclusions;• Oxides, Silicates, Sulfides,
Alumina, Nitrides, Carbonitrides
• Particle Shape
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Non-Metallic Inclusions
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Non-Metallic Inclusions
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A micrograph of bronze revealing a cast dendritic structure
Macrostructures
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Microstructures
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What is to be obtained ?• Phase Quantities
•
Grain Size• Phase Distributions
• Particle Size
•
Particle Volume Fraction• Particle Distribution
• Particle Composition
2. QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY
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Grain Size Determination
• How to report an average grain size?
• Draw few random straight lines through the
micrograph.
• The grain boundaries intersecting each line arecounted.
• The average grain size is obtained by dividing
the total length of the lines by the number ofintersections taking into account the
magnification used to produce the micrograph.
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METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPES
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY,
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,,
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
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Microscopic techniques
• Optical microscopy used toobtain an enlarged image ofa small object. In general, acompound microscope
consists of a light source, acondenser, an objective, andan ocular or eyepiece, whichcan be replaced by arecording device such as aphotoelectric tube or a
photographic plate. Theoptical microscope is limitedby the wavelengths of thelight used and by thematerials available formanufacturing the lenses.
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Optical Microscopes
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Image analyzing system
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Optical Microscope
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Metallurgical microscope with 10
to 2000 magnification and a
camera attachment
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