1 INF160 IS Development Environments AUBG, COS dept Lecture 03 Title: Tutorial Introduction to C# (Extract from Syllabus)

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INF160 IS Development Environments AUBG, COS dept

Lecture 03Title:

Tutorial Introduction to C#(Extract from Syllabus)

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Lecture Contents:C# program – general definition/descriptionC# program – basic structureC# program – demo exampleDetailed description of C# as a conventional

programming language

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To students with skills in C# Write a program - Tester for factorial, greatest common divisor, Fibonacci series

number PRELUDE: To compute Fibonacci series nnumber you need a method like this header int Fibonacci( int n ) { … } To compute factorial you need a method like this header int Factorial( int n ) { … } To compute greatest common divisor you need a method like this header int GCD( int m, int n ) { … }

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Program – definition/description Program: An organized list of instructions that, when executed,

causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner.

C# program: Collection of one or more classes, one of which has method titled public static void Main(string[] args).

C# class: mechanism that allows to combine data and operations /named methods/ on that data into a single unit.

C# method: Set of instructions designed to accomplish a specific task.

In OOD the final C# program is a collection of interacting objects /instances of classes/.

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C# Program – basic structure

C# programs can consist of one or more files.Each file can contain zero or more

namespaces.A namespace can contain types such as

classes, structs, interfaces, enumerations, and delegates, in addition to other namespaces.

The following is the skeleton of a C# program that contains all of these elements.

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‘Review:VB Program – basic structure<Imports declarations><Module heading> Sub Main() <definition/declaration

statements><executable statements>

End Sub<Module end delimiter>

‘ Review: VB program – demo exampleImports SystemModule thisModule Sub Main() Console.WriteLine(“Hello, World!”)

Console.ReadKey() End SubEnd Module

Review

On

VBASIC

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// Review: C++ Program – basic structure <preprocessor directives>using namespace <region>;void main() { <definition/declaration statements> <executable statements> }

// Review: C++ Program – demo example

#include <iostream>using namespace std;void main( ) { cout << “\nHello, World!”; system(“pause”); }

Review

On

C++

Native code

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// Review: C++ Program – basic structure <preprocessor directives>using namespace <region>;void main() { <definition/declaration statements> <executable statements> }

// Review: C++ Program – demo example

#include "stdafx.h"using namespace System;int main( ){ Console::WriteLine("Hello World");

Console::ReadKey(); return 0;}

Review

On

C++

Managed code

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// C# Program – basic structure using System;namespace YourNamespace{ class YourClass { }

interface IYourInterface { }

delegate int YourDelegate();

class YourMainClass { static void Main(string[] args) { //Your program starts here... } }}

// C# Program – demo exampleusing System;namespace MyProject { public class Hello {

public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello world in

C#"); Console.ReadLine(); } }}

New:

C#

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.

Detailed descriptionof

C# as Conventional Prog Lan

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Lecture Contents (new):• Why C# (instead intro)• Anatomy of a C# program

– Sample source text– Namespaces– Comments– Names – identifiers, reserved words, modifiers– Classes – data fields, methods (statements, blocks of

statements )

• Components of a C# program– Data – by category– Data – by type– Expressions (incl. operands & operators)– Statements– Routines (member functions - methods)– I/O facilities– Data collections – arrays, etc

• Demo programs - examples

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Why C#• Conforms closely to C and C++. Has the added power of C++

• Has the rapid graphical user interface (GUI) features of previous versions of Visual Basic

• Has the object-oriented class libraries similar to Java • Can be used to develop a number of applications

– Software components– Mobile applications– Dynamic Web pages– Database access components– Windows desktop applications– Web services– Console-based applications

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C# Plang provides features, such as:

OOP, Event driven programming, visual programming strings, graphics, graphical-user-interface (GUI) components, exception handling, multithreading, multimedia (audio, images, animation and video), file processing, database processing, Internet and WWW-based client/server networking and distributed computing.

• C# programs are created using Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

• With the IDE, a programmer can create, run, test and debug C# programs.

• The process of rapidly creating an application using an IDE is typically referred to as Rapid Application Development (RAD).

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Anatomy of a C# program:Sample source text

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Syntax for simple C# program

// Program start classusing System;namespace space_name{ public class class_name { // Main begins program execution public static void Main(string[] args) { // implementation of method } }}

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Hello World! Console Application

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Namespaces. The using directive

• using System; directive is generated by the Visual Studio IDE and declares that the program uses features in the System namespace.

• A namespace groups various C# features into related categories. • C# programmers can use the rich set of namespaces provided by

the .NET framework. The namespaces that are defined in the .NET Framework contain preexisting code known as the .NET Framework Class Library Over 2,000 classes included.

• An example of one of the features in namespace System is Console.• In console applications, we use Console.method when we want to

handle standard input, output, and error streams for our applications

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Namespace

• Namespaces provide scope for the names defined within the group

• Groups semantically related types under a single umbrella

• System: most important and frequently used namespace

• Can define your own namespace

• Used to avoid naming collisions

• Each namespace enclosed in curly braces: { }

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Namespace (continued)

From Example 1-1

line 1 // This is traditionally the first program written.line 2 using System;line 3 namespace HelloWorldProgram line 4 {

line 12 }

Predefined namespace (System) – part of .NET

FCL

User-defined namespace

Body of user-defined namespace

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Concole.WriteLine

• In C# statements we normally precede each class name with its namespace name and a period.

• For example, line of source text would normally be:System.Console.WriteLine( "Welcome to C# Programming!" );

for the program to run correctly.• The using System; directive eliminates the need to

specify explicitly the namespace System when using classes in the namespace. This can save time and confusion for programmers.

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Anatomy of a C# program: classes

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Line 6-12: Class Welcome1

• Line 6-12 class (these lines collectively are called a class definition).

• C# programs consist of pieces called classes,• Classes are logical groupings of members (e.g.,

methods) that simplify program organization. These methods (which are like functions in procedural programming languages) perform tasks and return information when the tasks are completed.

• A C# program consists of classes and methods created by the programmer and of preexisting classes found in the Framework Class Library.

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Class Welcome1

• The class keyword begins a class definition in C# and is followed immediately by the class name (Welcome1, in this example).

• The left brace ({) at line 7 begins the body of the class definition.

• The corresponding right brace (}) at line 12 ends the class definition.

• Notice that lines 8–11 in the body of the class are indented. This is one of the spacing conventions . Indentation improves program readability

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Anatomy of a C# program: classes (methods)

• C# class definitions normally contain one or more methods (member functions) and C# applications contain one or more classes.

• For a C# console or Windows application, exactly one of those methods must be called Main, and it must be defined as shown:

static void Main(string[] args)

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Main

• These applications begin executing at Main, which is known as the entry point of the program.

• The parentheses after Main indicate that Main is a program building block, called a method.

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More Choices

public static void Main() { ...}

public static int Main() { ... return 0;}

public static int Main(string[] args) { ... return 0;}

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Syntax of body method

• The left brace ({) on line 9 begins the body of the method definition (the code which will be executed as a part of our program).

• A corresponding right brace (}) terminates the method definition’s body (line 11).

• The body method includes/contains statements.

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Console.WriteLine(“Welcome to C# programming!”);

• The entire line, including Console.WriteLine, its argument in the parentheses ("Welcome to C# Programming!") and the semicolon (;), is called a statement.

• Every statement must end with a semicolon (known as the statement terminator).

• When this statement executes, it displays the message Welcome to C# Programming! in the console window

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Types of Statements

• Declaration statements - describe the data the function needs:

float miles, kms;

const float KM_PER_MILE = 1.609;

• Executable statements - specify the actions the program will take:

Console.WriteLine(“Welcome to C# programming!”);

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Anatomy of a C# program:statements, blocks of statements

• { … }

• Block

• Compound statement

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Names: Identifiers• The name of the class is known as an identifier, which is a series of

characters consisting of letters, digits, underscores ( _ ) and “at” symbols (@).

• Identifiers cannot begin with a digit and cannot contain spaces. • Examples of valid identifiers are Welcome1, _value, m_inputField1

and button7. • The name 7button is not a valid identifier because it begins with a digit• The name input field is not a valid identifier because it contains a

space. • The “at” character (@) can be used only as the first character in an

identifier. • C# is case sensitive — uppercase and lowercase letters are

considered different letters.

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Reserved Words in C#Keywords (or reserved words) are reserved for use by C# and always consist of lowercase letters.

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Reserved Words in C# (continued)• Contextual keywords

• As powerful as regular keywords

• Contextual keywords have special meaning only when used in a specific context; other times they can be used as identifiers

3535Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e

Data

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Components of a C# programData – by category

• Literals

• Variables

• Constants

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Constant Definition

• Named Constant definitions have the following syntax:

const datatype name = value;

• To define a constant to hold the value of pi, for example, you could use a statement such as this:

const double c_pi = 3.14159265358979;

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Declaring Variables

datatype variablename = initialvalue;• You don’t have to specify an initial value for a variable, although

being able to do so in the declaration statement is useful. To create a new string variable and initialize it with a value, for example, you could use two statements, such as the following:

string strName;strName = “Matt Perry”;• However, if you know the initial value of the variable at design time,

you can include it on the declaration statement, like this:string strName = “Matt Perry”;• Note, however, that supplying an initial value doesn’t make this a

constant; it’s still a variable, and the value of the variable can be changed at any time.

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Components of a C# program:Data – by type

• Value types

• Reference types

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Value type

- where a variable X contains a value type, it directly contains an entity with some value. No other variable Y can directly contain the object contained by X (although Y might contain an entity with the same value).

Reference type

- where a variable X contains a reference type, what it directly contains is something that refers to an object. Another variable Y can contain a reference to the same object referred to by X.

Reference types actually hold the value of a memory address occupied by the object they reference.

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Predefined (Data) Types

• C# predefined types

– The “root” object– Logical bool– Signed sbyte, short, int, long– Unsigned byte, ushort, uint, ulong– Floating-point float, double, decimal– Textual char, string

• Textual types use Unicode (16-bit characters)

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All types are compatible with object

- can be assigned to variables of type object

- all operations of type object are applicable to them

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Predefined Data Types

• Common Type System (CTS) • Divided into two major categories

Figure 2-3 .NET common types

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Value and Reference Types

Figure 2-4 Memory representation for value and reference types

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Value Types

• Fundamental or primitive data types

Figure 2-5 Value type hierarchy

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Integer type

In C#, an integer is a category of types. They are whole numbers, either signed or unsigned.

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Floating-Point and Decimal Types

A C# floating-point type is either a float or double. They are used any time you need to represent a real number.

Decimal types should be used when representing financial or money values.

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The String Type

A string is a string of text characters.

The keyword string is an alias for the class System.String.Either may be used to define a string variable.

string aa = "Sofia";String bb = "BG";System.String cc = " AA ";

A string literal is just some text enclosed with double quotes. E.g. “This is a string”

There is a char type used to represent one Unicode character.

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Class System.String

Can be used as standard type stringstring s = “AUBG";

Note• Strings are immutable (use class StringBuilder if you want to extend a string)• Can be concatenated with +: “COS @ " + s;• Can be indexed: s[i]• String length: s.Length• Strings are reference types reference semantics in assignments.• But their values can be compared with == and !=:

if (s == "AUBG") ...• Class String defines many useful operations:

CompareTo, IndexOf, StartsWith, Substring, ...

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Casting Data from One Data Type to Another

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5353Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e

Expressions (operands and operators)

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Components of a C# program:Expressions (operands)

• Operands

–Literal Values–Constants–Variables – scalar or indexed–Structure member–Function call–Sub expression like ( … )

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C# Operators

The table on the following slide describes the allowable operators, their precedence, and associativity.

Left associativity means that operations are evaluated from left to right.

Right associativity mean all operations occur from right to left, such as assignment operators where everything to the right is evaluated before the result is placed into the variable on the left.

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Mixed Expressions• Implicit type coercion

– Changes int data type into a double – No implicit conversion from double to int

Figure 2-14 Syntax error generated for assigning a double to an int

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Mixed Expressions (continued)

• Explicit type coercion– Cast– (type) expression– examAverage = (exam1+exam2+exam3) / (double) count;

Int value1 = 0, anotherNumber = 75;double value2 = 100.99, anotherDouble = 100;

value1 = (int) value2; // value1 = 100 value2 = (double) anotherNumber; // value2 = 75.0

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Components of a C# program:Executable Statements

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Statements in C#

• C# supports the standard assortment …

• assignment• subroutine and function call• conditional

– if, switch• iteration

– for, while, do-while, foreach• control Flow

– return, break, continue, goto

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Passing Literal Values to a Variable

• The syntax of assigning a literal value (a hard-coded value such as 6 or “guitar”) to a variable depends on the variable’s data type.

• For strings, you must pass the value in quotation marks, like this:strCollegeName = “Bellevue University”;• There is one caveat when assigning literal values to strings: Visual

C# interprets slashes (\) as being a special type of escape sequence. If you pass a literal string containing one or more slashes to a variable, you get an error. What you have to do in such instances is preface the literal with the symbol @, like this:

strFilePath = @”c:\Temp”;• When Visual C# encounters the @ symbol after the equal sign as

shown in the preceding example, it knows not to treat slashes in the string as escape sequences.

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Decision Structures - Selection

if (condition) statement;

if (condition) statement1; else statement2;

switch statement

Same syntax for C++, C#, and Java

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Examples

if (x == valueOne) {  Console.Writeline("x is ");  Console.Writeline( x ); }

if (x == valueOne)  Console.Writeline("x is 100");else  Console.Writeline("x is not 100");

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Switch construct

Same syntax for C++, C#, and Java

switch can only be used to compare an expression with different constants.

The types of the values a switch statement operates on can be booleans, enums, integral types, and strings (null is acceptable as a case label).

No fall-through!- Every statement sequence in a case must be

terminated with break (or return, goto, throw). If no case label matches defaultIf no default specified continuation after the switch statement

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switch (x) { case 5: Console.Writeline("x is 5"); break; case 99: Console.Writeline("x is 99"); break; default: Console.Writeline("value of x unknown"); break; }

switch(country) {case"Germany":case"Austria": case"Switzerland": language = "German"; break;case"England":case"USA": language = "English"; break;case null: Console.WriteLine("no country specified"); break;default: Console.WriteLine("don't know language of", country);break;}

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Loops

for (initialization; condition; in(de)crement){statement;}

while (Boolean expression) {statements}

do {statements}

while (Boolean expression)

foreach statement

Same syntax for C++, C#, and Java

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Loops

for (int n=10; n>0; n--){ Console.Write( n ); Console.Write(", "); }

while ( x > 1 ) {  Console.Writeline("x is ");  Console.Writeline( x ); x--; }

do{  Console.Writeline("x is "); Console.Writeline( x ); x--;} while (x !=1 );

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foreach statement: For iterating over collections and arrays. foreach can not be used to change the contents of the array

foreach (Type variableName in container){

// statements;}

// array traverse using foreachint[] a = {3, 17, 4, 8, 2, 29}; foreach (int x in a) sum += x;

// string traverse using foreachstring s = "Hello"; foreach (char ch in s) Console.WriteLine(ch);

7070Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e

Control flow - return

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Components of a C# program:Routines (methods)

• Main method Already discussed in section classes(methods(statements))

• Same as in C++, Java

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Components of a C# program:Routines (methods)

static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Summing numbers result is = {0}", sum(21,30)); Console.WriteLine("Summing numbers result is = {0}", sum(501, 630)); Console.WriteLine("Multiplying numbers result is = {0}", product(1,10)); }

static int sum(int m, int n) { int i, suma = 0; if (m > n) return -1; if (m == n) return m; for (i=m ; i<=n ; i++) suma += i; return suma; }

static int product(int m, int n) { int i, res = 1; if (m > n) return -1; if (m == n) return m; for (i = m; i <= n; i++) res *= i; return res; }

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Components of a C# program: Routines (methods)

static int product(int m, int n) { int i, res = 1; if (m > n) return -1; if (m == n) return m; for (i = m; i <= n; i++) res *= i; return res; }

static int sum(int m, int n) { int i, suma = 0; if (m > n) return -1; if (m == n) return m; for (i=m ; i<=n ; i++) suma += i; return suma; }

static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Summing numbers result is = {0}", sum(21,30)); Console.WriteLine("Summing numbers result is = {0}", sum(501, 630));

Console.WriteLine("Multiplying numbers result is = {0}", product(1,10));

}

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Components of a C# program:I/O

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Console Input

The Console class provides basic support for applications that input characters.

Data is read from the standard input stream

int x; string alpha;

alpha = Console.ReadLine(); // will read the input from the keyboard

x = System.Convert.ToInt32(alpha); // and save it in variable x

Console.WriteLine("Text"); // prints “Text” to the screen

Console.WriteLine(120); // prints value 120 on screen

Console.WriteLine(x.ToString()); // prints the content of x on screen

Console Output

Output is managed by a class named Console. This Console class has a method WriteLine() which takes a string (a set of characters) and writes it to the standard output.

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Input Data

• You can eliminate the need for string variables firstNumber and secondNumber by combining the input and conversion operations as follows:

int number1;

number1 = Int32.Parse( Console.ReadLine() );

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WriteLine format

• After performing the calculation, line 33 displays the result of the addition. In this example, we want to output the value in a variable using method WriteLine. Let us discuss how this is done.

• The comma-separated arguments to Console.WriteLine"\nThe sum is {0}.", sum

use {0} to indicate a placeholder for a variable’s value. • If we assume that sum contains the value 117, the expression

evaluates as follows:

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Components of a C# program:Data collections

• Arrays

• Records (C-like structs)

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Data Collections

Typical popular Data collections:

• Arrays• Structures

Detailed discussion on arrays and structures presented in separate lectures later

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Demo Programs

D

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Demo Programs

Demonstrate end-of-file controlled loop using standard input from the keyboard and standard output to the screen

Solution to implement in a version:

as managed code console application

Problem:

To accumulate sum of stream of input integers terminated by end-of-data (CTRL/Z) indicator

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Demo Program – Managed Code Only

// C# demo program, standard Input (keyboard) / Output (screen)// Int Console.Read(), // String Console.ReadLine() // ReadKey()// Methods Convert.ToInt32(string), etc …using System;namespace ConsoleApplication4{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { string pom; while ((pom = Console.ReadLine()) != null) { sum += Convert.ToInt32(pom); } Console.WriteLine("Final sum = {0}",sum); } }}

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Thank You For

Your Attention!