1 Classification M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.). 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only.

1

ClassificatioClassificationn

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

2

•There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms

•This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!

•New organismsNew organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

3

What is Classification?What is Classification?

ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

4

Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names Sea”horseSea”horse

”??”??Genus Genus HippocampusHippocampus

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

5

Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

6

Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

7

Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist

•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals

•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat ---land, sea, ---land, sea, or air dwellers or air dwellers

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

8

Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•John Ray, a John Ray, a

botanist,botanist, was was the first to use the first to use Latin for Latin for namingnaming

•His His namesnames were were very longvery long descriptions descriptions telling telling everything everything about the plantabout the plant

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

9

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century taxonomist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

10

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

11

Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print

•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species

•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobinM.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) 12

European robin – Erithacus rubeculam, related to European flycatchers.Australian robin – Petroica multicolorRelated to crows not robinsAfrican robin – Leiothrix lutea. Related to flycatchers.Asian robin – Copyschus saularis related to magpies.

Standardized NamingStandardized Naming

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) 13

What’s in a name?Have you heard of this animal?

Catamount. Painter. Panther. Ghost Cat. Puma. Shadow Cat. Mountain lion.

Mountain screamer, Deer Tiger.Red Tiger. Cougar. Yuma Puma. Texas Panther. Florida Panther.

Scientific name Felis concolor

14

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

15

Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms

•The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for contains the rules for naming organismsnaming organisms

•All names must be approved All names must be approved by by International Naming International Naming CongressesCongresses (International (International Zoological Congress)Zoological Congress)

•This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated namesnames

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

16

Classification GroupsClassification Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific

•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Genus, speciesspecies

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

17

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

DomainKingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)

Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

18

KKingsings

PPlaylay

CChesshess

OOnn

FFineine

GGreenreen

SSand!and!

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

19M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

20

•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon

•ThreeThree domains domains

•Archaebacteria and Archaebacteria and EubacteriaEubacteria are unicellular are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)membrane-bound organelles)

•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles

DomainsDomains

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

21

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria live in live in harsh harsh environmentsenvironments and may represent the and may represent the first cells to have evolved.first cells to have evolved.

Sewage Sewage treatment treatment

plants, plants, thermal thermal

vents, etc.vents, etc.

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

22

EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are

present in almost present in almost all habitatsall habitats on earth.on earth.

Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and

commercially.commercially.

Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

23

Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into 5 KingdomsDivided into 5 Kingdoms

•Monera Monera (all prokaroyotes, (all prokaroyotes, bacteria)bacteria)

•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)

•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)

•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)

•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular animals) animals)

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

24

ProtistaProtista

•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular

•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular

•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

25

FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitin

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

26

PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

27

AnimaliaAnimalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

28M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

29M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

30

TaxonsTaxons

•Most Most genera (genus)genera (genus) contain a number of contain a number of similar species, with the similar species, with the exception of exception of HomoHomo that that only contains modern only contains modern humanshumans

•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

31M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

32

Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)

•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment

•Similarity in Similarity in DNA, RNADNA, RNA, , or or amino acidamino acid sequence sequence of Proteinsof Proteins

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

33Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in

mammals.mammals.M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

34

Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

35

CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

36

Primate Primate CladogramCladogram

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

37

Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs

•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

38

Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)

39M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)