1 Chapter 10 Global Effects Lecture #24 HNRS 228 Energy and the Environment Adapted from Fiorentino / Rutgers U.

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Chapter 10Global Effects

Lecture #24HNRS 228Energy and the EnvironmentAdapted from Fiorentino / Rutgers U.

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Chapter 10+ Overview

• Earth as a planet• The polar regions and sea ice effects• The stratospheric ozone situation• Another look at greenhouse gasses• Climate change• Global warming• Remote Sensing• Geographic Information Systems• Geomatics

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iClicker Question

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is highest above the surface of the Earth?

A TroposphereB StratosphereC ThermosphereD MesosphereE Ozone Layer

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iClicker Question

What is the primary ingredient of the Earth's atmosphere?

A NitrogenB OxygenC Nitrogen and oxygen in equal partsD HydrogenE Carbon dioxide

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iClicker Question

In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur?

A HydrosphereB StratosphereC IonosphereD TroposphereE All of the above

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iClicker Question

How rapidly a planet loses its atmosphere depends on the planet's

• I. mass• II. atmospheric composition• III. temperature• IV. rotation period

A I & IIB III & IVC I, II, & IIID II, III, & IVE I, II, III, & IV

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iClicker Question

The presence of Earth’s magnetic field is a good indication that

A there is a large amount of magnetic material buried near the North Pole.

B there is a quantity of liquid metal swirling around in the Earth's core.

C the Earth is composed largely of iron.D the Earth is completely solid.E there are condensed gasses in the core of

the Earth.

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iClicker Question:

The dinosaurs were most likely wiped out by:A: disease

B: hunting to extinction by cavemen

C: a giant meteor impact

D: the close passage of another star

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iClicker Question:

A leading cause of Global Warming is:A: Increased soot (smog) in the atmosphere.

B: Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

C: The Earth is getting closer to the sun.

D: The luminosity of the sun is steadily increasing.

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iClicker Question:

The Greenhouse effect would not occur if:A: The Earth had no atmosphere.

B: The amount of carbon dioxide doubled.

C: We got rid of all the forests.

D: The Earth didn’t have an ocean.

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iClicker Question:

Sunlight absorbed by the Earth’s surface is reemitted in the form of?A: radio waves

B: infrared radiation

C: visible radiation

D: ultraviolet radiation

E: X-ray radiation

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Geomatics refers to earth (geo) measuring (matics) technologies

…the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic information. This broad term applies both to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies: geodesy, surveying, mapping, positioning, navigation,

cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geographic information systems, & global positioning systems

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics

Organize and solve problems involving spatial analysis

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Data and Information

To some: Information is not Data Data needs to be transformed into

information (and vice versa) Information can be defined as an answer to

a question using data –or– Information is what we know that must be

organized into data for use in analysis

With GIS we transform information into data

Image Process Air Photo Satellite Images Photogrammetry

Raster GIS Vector GIS 3D Modeling GPS

Visualization Networking Databases Internet

Geomatics

Remote Sensing

GIS

Geomatics has application in:

Policy Transportation Demography Global environment Wildlife management Business

Regional and Urban Planning Defense and Intelligence Forestry Archaeology Natural resource management Water/soils/agriculture Telecommunications Emergency Response

ANY problem that has a spatial aspect ANY scale from the local to the global

“Applied Geography, in the form of maps & spatial information has

served discovery, planning, cooperation & conflict for at least

the past 3000 years” Bolstad

FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics

Collect ManageManipulate Analyze Display

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Primary Disciplines of Geomatics

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Remote Sensing

Air photo Satellite imagery

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

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Geographic Information System

“…“…a computer based system to aid in a computer based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage,the collection, maintenance, storage,

analysis, output, and distribution of analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information…”spatial data and information…”

FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics

CollectCollect ManageManageManipulateManipulate AnalyzeAnalyze DisplayDisplay

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Why GIS?

Expanded capabilities - do the heretofore impossible

Improved efficiency - reduce duration of analysis 10-fold or more

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What is GIS?

Paper, pencil, and person can be a GIS

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Why computerize manual methods?

Synthesis of sourcesSynthesis of sourcesAnalytical powerAnalytical power

Measure distance, density, Measure distance, density, areaareaOverlay and bufferOverlay and bufferAdjacency and proximityAdjacency and proximityVicinity (neighborhood)Vicinity (neighborhood)NetworksNetworksInter-visibilityInter-visibilityInteroperabilityInteroperability

FlexibilityFlexibilityRepeatabilityRepeatabilityOutput QualityOutput Quality

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FIVE major functions Inherent to Geomatics

CollectCollect ManageManageManipulateManipulate AnalyzeAnalyze DisplayDisplay

Tools of GIS

Geographic

Data describing objects from the real world in terms of:

Position (x,y in some coordinate system) Spatial relationships

Streets may be “connected” There is a distance between two points Areas overlap, be adjacent or not touch

Information

Organized knowledge about locations facilitates analysis and new knowledge

Predictable data “schema”

…compared to paper maps stored in different rooms in different drawers, at different scales and projections

(time consuming and sometimes impossible to analyze)

Systems

Consistent storage in a database Retrieve and manipulate information in

a consistent manner Flow of data can be documented Spatial data from a variety of sources,

scales and projections can be converted into one logical structure allowing access and analysis using a set of rules

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Phenomena that Exist Computer

Representation

1.2 , 4 .75 .8 , 3 .68 .9 , 7 .2..

Real W or ldDat a M odel Dat a

S t r uct ur e

Abstraction of relevant phenomena and properties

Abstracting the Real World

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GIS exists in an institutional context…

Effective GIS use depends on a set of protocols and an integration into the data collection, analysis, decision, and

action loop of an organization

GIS Data Examples

If it can be mapped it can be entered into a GIS Points

archeological sites, trees, fire hydrants, crime locations, cellular towers, etc.

Linesroads, streams, political boundary lines

Polygonsarcheological sites, soils, geology, vegetation cover, watersheds, political subdivisions

"GIS is simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data."

(Abler, 1988)

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GIS Data

SPATIALREFERENCE

TABULARATTRIBUT

EDATA

Hydrology Soils Roads Elevation Land use / land

cover

(from satellite imagery or air photos)

The landscape (in all its complexity)

Each type of data forms a data layer that is geo-referenced to a common map projection and datum

GIS Data

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REPRESENTATION AND DATA STRUCTURES

Most commondata models define thematic layers

Typically there is one layer for each distinct theme

La yer 1

La yer 2

La yer 3

Ea r t h su r f a ce

e.g., soils, roads, or elevationsurface features, or themes,layers which represent specificGeographic data are often in

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GIS - The Concept of Layers

Assessment of Soil Erosion HazardAssessment of Soil Erosion Hazard

LAND DATA DERIVED DATA ANALYSIS

Ownership Class

Hydrology

Topography

Soils

Land Cover

Base Map

Slope

Erodability

Runoff

Potential Soil Erosion

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A Forest Area…. Delineated to make patches

Overlaid with Species Data to… Create Ranked Critical Areas

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TABULAR RELATIONSHIPS

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GIS operates On All Scales

A GIS Schematic

Collect

Digitize Maps

Digitize &ClassifyImagery

Input Existing Spatial Files

Input Tabular

Data

Manage

SpatialData Base

Non SpatialResourceData Base

Manipulate& Analyze

SpatialProcessing

System

Data Base Management

System

Display

MAP OUTPUTS

Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps

•Area•Lengths•Data Base Summaries

TABULAR ANDSTATISTICAL

INFO

GIS is Generic

• Policy• Transportation• Demography• Global environment• Wildlife management• Business

• Regional and Urban Planning• Defense and Intelligence• Forestry• Archaeology• Natural resource management• Water/soils/agriculture• Telecommunications• Emergency Response

• ANY problem that has a spatial aspect• ANY scale from the local to the global

“Applied Geography, in the form of maps & spatial information has served

discovery, planning, cooperation & conflict for at least the past 3000 years”

Bolstad

Some GIS Applications Areas

Policy Education Cartography Hazards – EMS, first

responders Hydrology Land Resources Zoning Use value Taxation Transportation Environmental impact

assessment Parks and forest management Planning Agriculture Soils management

Marketing Global environmental issues Demographics Wildlife management Route selection Civil engineering Network analysis – e.g.

telecom Public health Toxic waste management Archaeology and history Police, fire, 911, emergency Oil and other toxic spills Landscape architecture Many, many others, and

more to come

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Remote Sensing

“Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an

object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a

device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under

investigation.”

Lillesand & Kiefer (1987)

Remote Sensing Platforms

Geostationary

Polar orbit Manned

space High altitude

aircraft Jets low alt.

aircraft Platforms In-situ/

ground

1000 km

300 km

90,000 ft

10-30,000 ft500-10,000 ft

10-100 ft

0-5 ft

30000 km

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Air photos have been the major source of information for making maps

Air Photos

High resolution Since 1930’s (for

change detection)

Provide most cadastral, utility and infrastructure data for GIS

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Precision Agriculture and Disease Detection

Color infrared aerial photograph, July, 1999 Source: Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.

Reservoirs

Cranberry Beds

Disease

DrainageTiles

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Managing Nutrient Input/Run-off into Watersheds

Phosphorus Distribution Nitrogen Distribution

Satellite Imagery (temporal analysis)

Banda Aceh, Indonesia (source: DigitalGlobe)

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The Nature of an “Image”

A remotely sensed image is not considered a photograph

An image is a rendition (or model) of target features described through the use of spectral reflectance

These reflectance values are stored in a quantitative, numerical fashion in a manner suitable for input to a computer

…the electromagnetic spectrum

• Note: The EM spectrum is arbitrarily segmented into major divisions

• There are no natural breaks in the EM spectrum

• Humans created the separations for our own convenience

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Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation (EM) is the signal collected by most remote sensing instruments

The source of the energy varies depending on the sensor characteristics

Most systems rely on the sun to generate all the EM energy needed to image terrestrial surfaces (passive sensors)

Other systems (active sensors), transmit energy in a certain direction and record the portion reflected back by features within the signal path

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Remote Sensing Topics

Radiation Laws Light Interactions with Atmosphere

Scatter, Absorption, Windows Interaction of Light with Surface

Spectral signatures, reflection, transmission, illumination

Land Observation Satellite Systems AVHRR, Landsat, MSS, TM, SPOT

Digital Image Analysis vs. Photo Interpretation

A Remote Sensing Schematic

Collect

ClassifyImagery

Input Existing

Spatial Files

Input Tabular

Data

Manage

SpatialData Base

Non SpatialResourceData Base

Manipulate& Analyze

SpatialProcessing

System

Data Base Management

System

Display

MAP OUTPUTS

Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps

Data Base Summaries

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Change Detection

• 1982-1992 land use change 29,860 acres/year

• 1992-1995 land use change 56,640 acres/year

• % total non-federal land developed– 1982 = 27.7%– 1985 = 32.7%– 1992 = 34.4%– 1997 = 40.8%

Where in the World am I?

Unless clouds are in the way… Stars have provided us with the ability to

find our location (method-dependant accuracy from 1 to 10 miles) and determine (night) time

Satellites provide superb location and time to a very high degree of accuracy

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NAVSTAR GPS

NAVigation Satellite Time And RangingGlobal Positioning System

Developed by US Dept of Defense Satellite-based radio-navigation system

using timing and ranging measurements to accurately determine locations on the earth’s surface

Provides worldwide, 24 hour, 3D coverage

Freely available for civilian use

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How does GPS work?

Control Segment Space Segment User Segment

Three Segments make up the GPS system

Space Segment

User Segment

Control SegmentColorado Springs

Navigation on Land

Navigation on seas

Navigation in the air

Navigation in space

Harbor navigation

Navigation in rivers

Navigation of recreational vehicles

High precision kinematic surveys on the ground

Guidance of robots and other machines

Cadastral surveying

Geodetic network densification

High precision aircraft positioning

Photogrammetry without ground control

Monitoring deformation

Hydrographic surveys

Active control stations

GPS

World Wide

24 Hours Per Day

GPS Applications

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….and Integration with Mobile-Collection Devices

Mobile device syncs with office-based servers

For data maintenance, data update, field scouting

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Now GPS can be connected to most anything!Sprayers, seeders, harvesters

Form factors:Kenwood GPS (top Right)

Automotive GPS:Garmin - Magellan

TomTom

Mobile Phones

GPS Ready digital cameras/video

PathfinderWatch Data loggers

Pocket PCsTransportation:Boats

TruckingCabbies!?!?!

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Tablet pen based PC with Digital Ink

New GPS Technologies Concentrate on Portability, Data Handling and GIS Workflow model….

Input Tabular

Data

A GPS Schematic

Collect

Digitize Maps

Digitize &ClassifyImagery

Input Existing Spatial Files

Manage

SpatialData Base

Non SpatialResourceData Base

Manipulate& Analyze

SpatialProcessing

System

Data Base Management

System

Display

MAP OUTPUTS

Composite MapsPerspective MapsInterpret MapsScaled Maps

•Area•Lengths•Data Base Summaries

TABULAR ANDSTATISTICAL

INFO

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“…effective use of GIS depends on a set of protocols and anintegration into the data collection, analysis, and action loop of an organization,”

Bolstad