1 Bus topology network. 2 Data is sent to all computers, but only the destination computer accepts 02608c133456.

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Bus topology network

2

Data is sent to all computers, but only the destination computer accepts

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Simple star network

Hub

4

Simple ring network showing logical ring

5

A computer grabs the token and passes it around the ring

40080865402

Data

Data

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Hub showing the internal ring and clockwise token path

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FDDI uses a dual-ring topology

8

A hub is the central point in a star topology

Hub

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Hybrid hub

Main Hub

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A break or unplugged cable takes down only the unplugged computer

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The seven-layer OSI model

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The OSI model showing the layers of protocols

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Initiates a request or accepts a request

Adds formatting, display, and encryptioninformation to the packet

Adds traffic flow information to determine when the packet gets sent

Adds error-handling information

Sequencing and address information is added to the packet

Adds error-checking information and prepares data for going on to the physical connection

Packet sent as a bit stream

13

Project 802 Logical Link Control and Media Access Control sublayers

14

Communication between the network adapter card and network software

Virtual communications

Virtual communications

15

A bridge connecting two networks

Segment 1

Segment 2

Bridge

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The routing table keeps track of addresses

Segment 1

Segment 2

Bridge

RoutingTable

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Routers work at the Network layer

Router

Bridge

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How Networks Send Data

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Large continuous streams of data slow down the network

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Breaking data in packets

Data

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Packet components

Header Data Trailer

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The complete packet

Application Header

Presentation Header

Session Header

Transport Header

Network Header

Data Link Header

Frame Preamble

Data Link Trailer (CRC)

Data

Packet

23

Packet creation process

Data Data

24

Introduction to TCP/IP

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What Is TCP/IP?

1965 1970 1980 1985

APANETcommissioned

by DOD1969

1975

Telnet1972

FTP1973

TCP1974

IP1981

TCP/IPProtocol Suite1982

DNS1984

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The Internet Standards Process

The Responsibility of the Internet Society (ISOC)

Governed by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

TCP/IP Standards are Published in Request for Comments

Five Classifications of RFCs

Required, recommended, elective, limited, use, not recommended

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TCP/IP Utilities

LPQLPQ

FTPFTP TFTPTFTP RCPRCP TelnetTelnet

RSHRSH REXECREXEC LPRLPR

NBTSTATNBTSTAT ROUTEROUTE TRACERTTRACERT ARPARP FingerFinger

PINGPING IPCONFIGIPCONFIG NSLOOKUPNSLOOKUP HOSTNAMEHOSTNAME NETSTATNETSTAT

LPDLPD

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Configuring TCP/IP Manually

29

Testing Microsoft TCP/IP with IPCONFIG and PING

Start IPCONFIG

Ping 127.0.0.1(Loopback Address)

Ping IP Address of the Local Host

1

2

3

Ping IP Address ofDefault Gateway

4

Ping IP Address ofRemote Host

5End

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Architectural Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol

Suite

31

The Microsoft TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Transport

ApplicationWindows® SocketsApplications

Windows® SocketsApplications

NetBIOSApplications

NetBIOSApplications

NetBIOSNetBIOS over TCP/IP

TCPTCP UDPUDP

IPIPICMP

ARP

Internet

LAN Technologies:Ethernet, Token Ring ,

FDDI

LAN Technologies:Ethernet, Token Ring ,

FDDI

WAN Technologies:Serial Lines, Frame Relay ,

ATM

WAN Technologies:Serial Lines, Frame Relay ,

ATM

Network

Sockets TDI

IGMP

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Network Interface Technologies

IP Over LAN Technologies

Ethernet

Token ring

ARCnet

FDDI

IP Over WAN Technologies

Serial lines

Packet switched networks

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Successful Mapping of an IP Address to a Hardware Address

Address Resolution Is the Function of ARP

ARP Uses a Local Broadcast to Obtain a Hardware Address

Address Mappings Are Stored in a Cache for Future Reference

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Resolving a Local IP Address

ARP CacheARP Cache

131.107.7.7 08004. . .131.107.7.28 08004. . .

131.107.7.7 08004. . .131.107.7.28 08004. . .

ARP CacheARP Cache

131.107.7.7 08004. . . 131.107.7.7 08004. . .

ARPBroadcast

ARPBroadcast

4444IP Address = 131.107.7.28

Hardware Address = 08004. . .IP Address = 131.107.7.29

Hardware Address = 08007. . .

3333

Hardware Address = 08007. . .

2222

1111

ping 131.107.7.29ping 131.107.7.29

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Resolving a Remote IP Address

A Router BARP

Broadcast for Router A

ARPBroadcast for

Router A

ARPfor Router B

ARPfor Router B

IP Address = 131.107.3.24Hardware Address = 08004. . .

IP Address = 131.107.7.29Hardware Address = 08009. . .

ARP CacheARP Cache

131.107.7.7 08009. . .131.107.7.1 08006. . .

131.107.7.7 08009. . .131.107.7.1 08006. . .ARP CacheARP Cache

131.107.3.7 08004. . . 131.107.3.7 08004. . .

4444

1111

131.107.3.108005...

131.107.7.108006...

2222 5555

ping 131.107.7.29ping 131.107.7.29

ARP CacheARP Cache

3333

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The ARP Cache

IP AddressIP AddressHardware AddressHardware AddressIP AddressIP AddressHardware AddressHardware Address

131.107.255.255= FFFFFFFFFFFF

131.107.3.5= 080009654321

131.107.3.29=080004321371 131.107.3.29=080004321371

131.107.78.3= 080006723111

131.107.9.4= 080002345621

131.107.7.29=080009654441 131.107.7.29=080009654441

2222

1111

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Multimedia Presentation: TCP/IP Architecture

showshow

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Internet Protocol (IP)

Addresses and Routes Packets

Connectionless

No session is established

Nonguaranteed “Best Effort” Delivery

Reliability Is the Responsibility of Higher-Layer Protocols and Applications

Fragments and Reassembles Packets

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IP on the Router

Decrements the TTL

Fragments Large Packets Into Smaller Packets

Creates a New Header for Each New Packet

Flag

Fragment ID

Fragment offset

Calculates a New Checksum

Obtains the Hardware Address of the Next Router

Forwards the Packet

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Transport

Application

Internet

Network

Ports and Sockets

TFTPServer

WebServer

0 . . . 65536 0 . . . 65536

TCP Ports20,21

UDP Port69

TCP Port80

Windows Sockets Interface

WebBrowser

TCP Port1210

TCP UDP

IP

FTPServer

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection-oriented

Session is established before exchanging data

Reliable Delivery

Sequence numbers

Acknowledgments (ACKs)

Byte-Stream Communications

Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate

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TCP Three-Way Handshake

ApplicationApplication

TransportTransport

InternetInternet

NetworkNetwork

Data

ApplicationApplication

TransportTransport

InternetInternet

NetworkNetwork

Data, ACK

ACK

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Multimedia Presentation: TCP Sliding Windows

showshow

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Connectionless

No session is established

Does Not Guarantee Delivery

No sequence numbers

No acknowledgments

Reliability Is the Responsibility of the Application

Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate

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Viewing and Modifying the ARP Cache

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Review

Network Interface Technologies

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Ports and Sockets

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)