1 A Design of a Molecular Communication System Using Biological Communication Mechanisms T. Nakano*, A. Enomoto*, M. Moore*, R. Egashira*, T. Suda*, K.

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A Design of a Molecular Communication System Using Biological Communication Mechanisms

T. Nakano*, A. Enomoto*, M. Moore*, R. Egashira*, T. Suda*,

K. Oiwa +, Y. Hiraoka +, T. Haraguchi+, R. Nakamori+, T. Koujin+

*University of California, Irvine+National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

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Outline

Nanomachine communicationNanomachinesOur approach

Molecular communicationExample systems

Conclusions

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Nanomachine Communication

GoalAchieve communication between nanomachines

Nanomachine: nano-scale or molecular scale objects that are capable of performing simple tasks

Figure: “Protonic Nanomachin Project”, Prof. Namba at Osaka University: http://www.npn.jst.go.jp/index.html

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Nanomachines Biological nanomachines

Dynein Molecular motors that walk along microtubule in a cell

F1ATPase Synthesizes ATP (energy) by using an influx of protons to rotate

Bacterium Swims toward the chemicals (e.g, food) using flagellum

Figures: Alberts, Molecular Biology of the CellDynein F1ATPase

Bacterium

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Nanomachines

Biological nanomachines logic gates made of biological components (e.g,

enzymes or bacteria) If both substrate and effector exist, product produced If no effector or no substrate, substrate remains unchanged

ANDC

SP

Enzyme

ProductSubstrate

Effector

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Nanomachines

Artificial nanomachinesNickel propeller

Size: 0.75 - 1.5 um

Micron motor Size: 100 um in diameter 10,000 rpm

MEMS/NEMS: http://www.fujita3.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

“Engineering Issues in the fabrication of a hybrid nano-propeller system powered by F1-ATPase”

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Our Approach

Use communication mechanisms that biological systems use Intracellular communication Intercellular communication

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Intracellular Communication

Transport materials using molecular motors within a cell

Vesicles transported by molecular motors

Microtubules

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Cells coordinate through calcium signaling

J. Cell Biol. Jørgensen et al. 139 (2): 497, 1997

0 3 6 9

12 15 24 210

Intercellular communication

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Applications

Pinpoint drug deliveryTo deliver drug to (targeted) cancer cells

Molecular computing Coordination among distributed logical gates

AND

AND

OR

ANDC

SP

Enzyme

ProductSubstrate

Effector

<Bio nano-machine communication>

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Outline

Nanomachine communicationNanomachinesOur approach

Molecular communicationExample systems

Conclusions

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Molecular Communication

Sending and receiving of molecules as an information carrier

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Make nanomachines communicate using communication mechanisms in living organismsSenders/receivers = biological nanomachinesCommunication carrier = molecules (e.g., proteins,

ions, DNAs)Communication distance = nano/micro scaleA receiver (chemically/physically) reacts to

incoming molecules

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Receivers (nanomachines)

Senders (nanomachines)

Information molecules (Proteins, ions, DNA)

1. Encoding

2. Sending

3. Propagation

4. Receiving

5. Decoding

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Key System Components

A senderMolecule generationMolecule encodingMolecule emission

PropagationMolecule loading at a senderDirection controlMolecule unloading at a receiverMolecule recycling

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A receiverMolecule reception Molecule decodingMolecule decomposition or recycling

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System Characteristics

We want the system to beAutonomous (i.e., no human control)Closed (i.e., no energy supply from outside)Recycling (of carrier molecules and information

molecules) Other system characteristics

Probabilistic behaviorMany to many communicationSlow delivery of molecules

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Two Example Systems

Molecular CommunicationUsing a cellular networkUsing molecular motors

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Network of Biological Cells

Network of Biological Cells

Amplifier Switch

Engineering the network components using cells

0 sec 4 sec 6 sec 49 sec

Encoding information on calcium waves

Decoding information from calcium waves

Various cellular responses (e.g., contraction, secretion, growth, death)

Example 1: Molecular Communication Based on a Cellular Network

1-n communication (broadcasting medium)

1-1 communication

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Nanoscale protein channels connecting two adjacent cells

Allowing small molecules to be shared among cells, enabling coordinated action of the cells

Gap Junctions

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Example Networking

Filtering signals

Signal X is more permeable to channels formed between the cells

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Example Networking

Filtering signals

Signal Y is more permeable to channels formed between the cells

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Example Networking

Switching the direction of signalingExternal signal

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Example Networking

Switching the direction of signaling

Phosphorylation of channels increases/decreases permeability of the channels.

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Nanomachines communicate using molecular motors.

Molecules are transported by molecular motors that walk over a network of rail molecules.

Example 2: Molecular Communication

Using Molecular Motors

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Outline

Nanomachine communicationNanomachinesOur approach

Molecular communicationExample systems

Conclusions

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Research Issues

Developing applications that require communication among bio nanomachines

System designs using biological communication mechanisms Autonomous, closed, recycling system Various system components

Creating new “information” and “coding” concepts and models Various approaches

Feasibility test through experiments Theoretical modeling and analysis Simulations

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Conclusions

Molecular CommunicationNew paradigmNeed a lot of research

Integrating nano technology, bio technology and computer science