09.08.16 Librarian Training re Copyright in Course Instruction
Post on 14-Feb-2017
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Instructors’ Use of
Copyrighted Materials
Rachael G. SambergSept. 2016
Topics Today Copyright Basics
What is copyright What is protected / not protected Using copyrighted materials
When permission needed Exceptions
Copyright Compliance in the Classroom Best Practices Workflow Liability for Oopsies
What is Copyright?
Constitution Empowers Congress to Act
U.S. Constitution Art. I, § 8: Congress shall have the power… “To promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.”
What laws did Congress make, and what are the rewards?
The Copyright Act:Reward of Exclusive Rights…
Reproduction Preparation of derivative
works (such as adaptations) Distribution Public performance Public display Public performance of
sound recordings via digital audio transmission
…for Limited Periods of Time
Length varies, based on: Type of work When created Who was author When first published etc.
Expect at least author’s life + 70 years from author’s death
Means that within “protected” time period, author’s permission needed to
reproduce, display, perform, etc. the work
A Few Other Prerequisites
Protects expressions, not ideas or facts
Must be authored, original, and fixed
Copyright & the Underlying Work
Separate from owning physical work If you buy book, can’t make
bunch of copies for everyone Instead, copyright is retained
by one or more of the author, publisher, etc.
Can’t an instructor catch a break?
Limitation on Copyright:Works in Public Domain Not ProtectedWorks by U.S. Federal Government
Works whose copyright term/duration has expired
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Britannica_Shakespeare_Droeshout_Engraving.jpg
Limitation on Copyright:Statutory Exemptions
Allow individuals to undertake one of the exclusive rights: Without obtaining
permission; Without payment of license
fee
Statutory Exemption: Fair Use (17 USC § 107)
1. Purpose and character of use (commercial purposes less likely fair than nonprofit educational purposes; whether use is “transformative” often dominates this factor’s analysis)
2. Nature of the copyrighted work (more likely fair if you’re using factual/scholarly work)
3. Amount and substantiality (size & importance of portion used in relation to whole)
4. Effect of use upon potential market
(less likely fair if use is substitute for purchasing original)
Is use fair? All four factors must be evaluated
No statutory 10% rule
Always fair to link, rather than post copy
Other Statutory Exemptions: TEACH ACT §110 of Copyright Act allowed display and
performance in face-to-face teaching in nonprofit educational institution
Amended § 110(2) permits same asynchronously (e.g. on course-restricted sites). However, limited to: Performance of entire nondramatic literary or
musical work (e.g. recorded reading of a poem or novel)
Performance of limited and reasonable portion of any other work (e.g. scene from a film)
Display of any work in amount comparable to what would be used during physical class setting (e.g. portion of film you would show in class, or portion of a chapter students would be asked to read during class)
In Summary Copyright gives copyright owners six
exclusive rights for a designated period of time.
Permission needed to undertake any of those rights if copyright exists and has not expired.
However, no permission needed if intended use falls under statutory exemptions.
Nor is permission needed if you link to the content, rather than copy/reproduce/post the actual content, itself.
What to do with this info?
The Copyright Workflow for Posting to bCourses
Instructors are responsible for making copyright determinations If instructors seek admins’ support in uploading materials, they
should communicate their copyright determination to admins Library can help point to, discuss, and explain guidelines and
options
Workflow Based On UC Copyright Policy
http://copyright.universityofcalifornia.edu/use/teaching.html
If Instructor’s answer to any question is “yes”: If Instructor’s answer to all questions is “no,” two options:
Material can be posted directlyto bCourse site
(though link always possible/preferable
)
Post link to content,
rather than content,
itselfIf link can’t be
found, or Instructor prefers
posting copies, request copyright
holder’s permission
OR
Copyright Workflow for Posting to bCoursesInstructor Makes Decision About Content to Be Posted.
1. Has permission or a license already been conferred? 2. Is the material in the public domain?3. Is it fair use?4. Is use subject to another exception (e.g. Teach Act)?
Is the workflow answer “yes”?Library’s guide can help instructors answer the workflow questions
http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/instructor-copyright-bcourses
If workflow answer is “no,” finding links
Links to Articles, Books, Video, etc.
Cody’s libguide: http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/readings-in-bcourses
If workflow answer is “no,” getting permission
Get Permission or a License Ask the author or publisher
Preserve the correspondence
Use a commercial service to secure a license Will be for length of class, probably also # of students,
etc.
What about oopsies?
Possible Consequences (“Remedies”) Grant of an injunction Impounding and/or destruction of infringing articles Award of damages and profits; statutory damages
election option Award of costs and attorney’s fees Criminal liability
Limitations on Remedies Against State Institutions
State & tribal governments, and component units such as state university, immune from suit for monetary damages.
However, these entities can potentially be sued for injunctive relief to prevent future infringement.
State Institution Employees Acting in Official Capacity
Action for injunctive relief against state employees acting in official capacity.
Can also be award of attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party.
No award of damages & profits, including no statutory damages
State Institution Employees Acting in Personal Capacity on the Job
May also be sued in personal capacity (e.g. a professor acting not on behalf of an institution) both for money and an injunction. Further, many state liability regulations will not allow the state to defend an employee who engages in illegal acts.
However, no statutory damages if infringer an employee of nonprofit educational institution, library, or archives and had reasonable grounds for believing (and hence believed) that use was fair. So, monetary remedies limited to actual damages and employee’s profits.
Best Practices ?
USE THE WORKFLOW
All photos © 2015-2016 by Rachael G. SambergPresentation issued under Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Int’l License (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Our Offer to InstructorsLibrary can assist with fair use and other statutory exemption questions: http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/instructor-copyright-bcourses; rsamberg@berkeley.edu
Library can help you find materials and links: http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/readings-in-bcourses; chennesy@berkeley.edu
SURVEY!
http://bit.ly/9816_training
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